Iago and Honesty in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays Shak

Iago and Honesty in Othello Iago uses the intelligence information honest in subprogram three of Othello in three primary ways. The first way he uses it is to mean honourable, about Cassio. He uses this meaning of the word to force Othello to doubt Cassios honesty, and psyche his hounorablility. The second way is to mean faithful, both about Desdemona and Cassio. Iago uses it in the context that the two may be truthful, again to make Othello doubt. The third way is Iagos nearly effective use, which is to use honest in the context to mean truthful, as in, he has told Othello the truth. However, Shakespeare has created tremendous dramatic irony, for we accredit that Iago is being anything except truthful. The three uses of the word honest are used largely in the subtext of the act, they are used by Iago to force Othello to question his wifes integrity, and honesty. Shakespeare uses the word by Iago to plant tremendous doubt in Othellos mind. The word is also used by Iago in the action line. His objective is continuously to make Othello think things without actually being told them, and Iagos parroting of the word and constant useage do this quite nicely. Iago initially uses the word honest to mean honourable, in reference to Cassio. Othello has asked him if he Cassio is not honest? To which Iago parrots back Honest my lord? This role is constant with what Othello means, whether Cassio is honourable or not. However, Iago uses the word to cast doubt on Othello. By parroting it back, he is making it seem to Othello that he does not want to firmness the question, that he doesnt want to tell Othello something. This is seen in the subtext that Iago wishes to create. This use of it also contributes to Iagos objective, to... ...o uses the word almost laughingly behind Othellos back, telling him that he has been driven to honesty, when he know that Iago is only telling Othello half truths. Shakespeare uses the word effectively to create dramatic irony. Works Cited Barthelemy, Anthony G. Introduction Critical Essays on Shakespeares Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 1-19) Jones, Eldred. Othello- An Interpretation Critical Essays on Shakespeares Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Snyder, Susan. Beyond the Comedy Othello Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987.

Comparing the Reigns of Julian and Constantius Essay -- Ancient Civil

For a principle to be successful, certain characteristics must be present in that specific person. There are many variances to the cookie-cut emperor, though they all(a) share similar passions. For instance, while one ruler emphasizes trade routes and commercial power for expansion of their legion, another may emphasize war and destruction nevertheless to rebuild their own version of their legion in the place that had been won. Although two rulers seduce very different manners and ideas about how to expand their empire, both have the same wish to be fulfilled. This kind of contradiction of power and reason is very implemented into the storyline of Julian. Between Julian and Constantius, they both attempt to reform the state religion, but are at polar opposite ends in regards to what they believe in. Although both are somewhat successful during their turn as emperor, both have very distinct ways of unraveling one anothers achievements.Beginning with Constantius, his rule is the foundation to the success of Christianity. By making various changes to the structure of rule and moot attacks on those who opposed him, the rise of Christianity as the state religion of Rome came into light. One of Constantius very prominent strategies involved that of eliminating those who showed signs of threatening his authority. Amongst those in elimination, Julians father, and eventually Julians chum salmon who he technically did not have a close relationship with pp 16. Not only did Constantious strike fear in the hearts of his people, but he also implemented bishops and those who held an office like such, into the core of the government. Constantius granted them power and luxuries that would further promote the Christian faith so the image o... ...mpire became a Christian state. Probably due to the lack of force Julian used, there left open spaces for fear to be set in by another ruler more like that of Constantius. Though a valiant effort to restore the old R oman Empire was made, the imminent fate of the empire soon takes use after Julians death.Works CitedVidal, Gore. Julian. Boston Little Brown, 1964. Print.Cook, Jeremy. Review of Julian by Gore Vidal. We Are Amused. N.p., 28 Mar 2011. Web. 04 Apr 2012. .tristaprez, . Julian- Gore Vidal Christianity vs. Paganism. Hubpages. N.p., 10 Aug 2006. Web. 01 Apr 2012. .Author Unknown. Julian Summary. BookRags. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr 2012. .

Eudora Weltys The Ponder Heart. :: Eudora Welty The Ponder Heart.

Eudora Weltys The meditate HeartThe critical essay The Strategy of Edna Earle Ponder by Marilyn Arnold expresses the idea that Edna Earle Ponder is sizing up the woman who has come to the Beulah Hotel, bandage her car is being fixed, as a potential new wife for Uncle Daniel. Arnold believes that the story ear is important character in the novel. Arnold argues that the listener is a teen female who is nave and shy and that Dean Earle utilizes her self-professed intelligence to get Uncle Daniel married again. By marrying again Uncle Daniel would come out of his reclusivness and be happy once more. She states passim the novel the adroit Edna Earle travels the course of her story selecting details meant to charm and impress a young woman and at the same time she sets forth the expectations that would control a liaison between her guest and Daniel(Arnold 70).According to Arnold, Edna Earle is comp permitely disappointed in the two previous marriages of Uncle Daniel. As his protector and the one person who is bear on with his happiness any further brides will be first sized up, and then courted, then forewarned and foreordained by Daniels niece and protector(71). It is Ednas belief that Uncle Daniel can solely be truly happy when he is in love.In the beginning of her description Edna Earle gives her listener a plethora of favorable descriptions and accounts of Uncle Daniel. Edna Earle is especially careful to distort Daniels youthfulness in spite of fifty-plus years(72). She also explains how she, Daniels father, and the citizens of the town have handled Uncle Daniel. Arnold statesHer biography becomes in part a lesson on how to treat Daniel that is, how to protect him and let him do whatever makes him happy(73).Lastly, Arnold asserts that Edna Earle emphasizes how Uncle Daniel gave away almost all of the Ponder money.Eudora Weltys The Ponder Heart. Eudora Welty The Ponder Heart.Eudora Weltys The Ponder HeartThe critical essay The Strategy of Edna Earle Ponder by Marilyn Arnold expresses the idea that Edna Earle Ponder is sizing up the woman who has come to the Beulah Hotel, while her car is being fixed, as a potential new wife for Uncle Daniel. Arnold believes that the narrative ear is important character in the novel. Arnold argues that the listener is a young female who is nave and shy and that Dean Earle utilizes her self-professed intelligence to get Uncle Daniel married again. By marrying again Uncle Daniel would come out of his reclusivness and be happy once more. She statesThroughout the novel the adroit Edna Earle travels the course of her story selecting details meant to charm and impress a young woman and at the same time she sets forth the expectations that would govern a liaison between her guest and Daniel(Arnold 70).According to Arnold, Edna Earle is completely disappointed in the two previous marriages of Uncle Daniel. As his protector and the one person who is concerned with his happiness any further brides will be first sized up, then courted, then forewarned and foreordained by Daniels niece and protector(71). It is Ednas belief that Uncle Daniel can only be truly happy when he is in love.In the beginning of her tale Edna Earle gives her listener a plethora of favorable descriptions and accounts of Uncle Daniel. Edna Earle is especially careful to stress Daniels youthfulness in spite of fifty-plus years(72). She also explains how she, Daniels father, and the citizens of the town have handled Uncle Daniel. Arnold statesHer narrative becomes in part a lesson on how to treat Daniel that is, how to protect him and let him do whatever makes him happy(73).Lastly, Arnold asserts that Edna Earle emphasizes how Uncle Daniel gave away almost all of the Ponder money.

Marco Polo :: Biographies Biographical Essays

Marco Polo is one of the most well-know heroic travelers andtraders around the world. In my paper I will discuss with you Marco Poloslife, his travels, and his visit to China to see the great khan. MarcoPolo was born in c.1254 in Venice. He was a Venetian adventurer and merchantwhose account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for theEuropean image of the Far East until the late 19th century.Marcos father, Niccol, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled toChina (1260-69) as merchants. When they left field (1271) Venice to return toChina, they were accompanied by 17-year-old Marco and two priests. EarlyLife Despite his enduring fame, very little was known about the personallife of Marco Polo. It is known that he was born into a leading Venetianfamily of merchants. He also lived during a propitious time in worldhistory, when the height of Venices influence as a city-state coincidedwith the greatest extent of Mongol conquest of Asia(Li Man Kin 9). Ruledby Kublai Khan, the Mongol E mpire stretched all the way from China toRussia and the Levant. The Mongol hordes also threatened other parts ofEurope, particularly Poland and Hungary, inspiring fear everywhere bytheir bloodthirsty advances. Yet the ruthless methods brought a measureof constancy to the lands they controlled, opening up trade routes such asthe famous Silk Road. Eventually,the Mongols discovered that it was moreprofitable to collect tribute from people than to kill them outright, andthis policy likewise stimulated trade(Hull 23).Into this favorable atmosphere a number of European tradersventured, including the family of Marco Polo. The Polos had long-established ties in the Levant and around the Black Sea for example, theyowned property in onstantinople, and Marcos uncle, for whom he was named,had a home in Sudak in the Crimea(Rugoff 8). From Sudak, around 1260,another uncle, Maffeo, and Marcos father, Niccol, made a trading visitinto Mongol territory, the land of the Golden Horde(Russia), contro l byBerke Khan. While they were there, a war broke out between Berke and theCowan of Levant, blocking their return home. Thus Niccol and Maffeotraveled deeper into mongol territory, moving southeast to Bukhara, whichwas control by a third Cowan. While waiting there, they met an emissarytraveling farther eastward who invited them to accompany him to the courtof the great Cowan, Kublai, in Cathay(modern China). In Cathay, KublaiKhan gave the Polos a friendly reception, appointed them his emissaries tothe pope, and ensured their safe travel back to Europe(Steffof 10).

Parent-child Bonding Essay -- essays research papers fc

In each someones life much of the joy and sorrowfulness revolves around attachments or affectionate relationships -- making them, breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds as a special bond -- the type a sustain or incur forms with his or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults be bring act by a one-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his book, A violate in the Family agreeable and being Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in on that point life sentences, but at any one time there are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small numb er of individuals -- mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson 1). Attachment is crucial to the survival and development of the infant. Kenneth and Klaus points out that the parents bond to their child may be the strongest of all human ties. This relationship has two unique characteristics. First, before birth one individual infant gestates within a part of the mothers consistence and second, after birth she ensures his survival while he is utterly dependent on her and until he becomes a separate individual. According to Mercer, the power of this attachment is so great that it enables the mother and father to make the unusual sacrifices necessary for the care of their infant. Day after day, night after night changing diapers, attending to cries, defend the child from danger, and giving feed in the middle of the night despite their desperate need to sleep (Mercer 22). It is important to note that this original paren t-infant tie is the study source for all of the infants subsequent attachment and is the formative relationship in the course of which the child develops a sense of himself. Throughout his lifetime the strength and character of this attachment will influence the quality of all future ties to other individuals. The question is asked, "What is the normal process by which a father and mother become attached to a healthy infant?"... ... a long time to trust anyone." (Berman 36) Maybe now people (parents) will come to realize that bonding does not only refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult. But it is the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. Works Cited Berman, Claire. Adult Children of Divorce. Simon and Schuster, New York 1991.Brazelton, Bob. The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment. Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam 1973. Kennell, John and marsha ll Klaus. Parent-Infant Bonding. The C.V. Mosby Company,Missouri 1976.Macfarlene, Rolland. The Relationship between Mother & Neonate. Oxford University Press, New York 1978.Mercer, Joe. Mothers Response to Their Infants with Defects. Charles B. Slack Inc., New York 1974. Meyers, Susan. Who Will Take the Children? Bobbe-Mervil,Indianapolis/New - York 1983.Oaklander, Violet. Windows to our Children. Real People- Press, Utah 1978. Robertson, J. A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved.Penguin Books, London Ltd., 1982.Stewart, Mark A. Raising a Hyperactive Child. London Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.

Parent-child Bonding Essay -- essays research papers fc

In each persons life much of the joy and sorrow revolves around addendums or ardent relationships -- making them, breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds as a special bond -- the type a mother or pose forms with his or her newborn babe. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a unidirectional flow of caution and affection to children for whom they digest cared during the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his book, A Baby in the Family Loving and beingness Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one time there are only a small issuance of persons to whom they are closely connect. He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals -- mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson 1). Attachment is crucial to the option and development of the infant. Kenneth and Klaus points out that the parents bond to their child may be the strongest of all forgiving ties. This relationship has two unique characteristics. First, before birth one individual infant gestates within a part of the mothers body and second, after birth she ensures his survival while he is utterly dependent on her and until he becomes a separate individual. According to Mercer, the power of this attachment is so great that it enables the mother and father to make the unusual sacrifices necessary for the care of their infant. Day after day, night after night changing diapers, attending to cries, protecting the child from danger, and giving afford in the middle of the night despite their desperate need to sleep (Mercer 22). It is important to note that this original parent-infant tie is the major source for all of the infants subsequent attachment and is the formative relationship in the course of which the child develops a sense of himself. Throughout his lifetime the strength and character of this attachment will influence the quality of all future ties to other individuals. The question is asked, "What is the normal process by which a father and mother become attached to a healthy infant?"... ... a long time to trust anyone." (Berman 36) Maybe now people (parents) will come to realize that bonding does not only refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult. But it is the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. Works Cited Berman, Claire. Adult Children of Divorce. Simon and Schuster, New York 1991.Brazelton, Bob. The Early buzz off-Infant Adjustment. Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam 1973. Kennell, John and Marshall Klaus. Parent-I nfant Bonding. The C.V. Mosby Company,Missouri 1976.Macfarlene, Rolland. The Relationship between Mother & Neonate. Oxford University Press, New York 1978.Mercer, Joe. Mothers Response to Their Infants with Defects. Charles B. Slack Inc., New York 1974. Meyers, Susan. Who Will Take the Children? Bobbe-Mervil,Indianapolis/New - York 1983.Oaklander, Violet. Windows to our Children. Real People- Press, Utah 1978. Robertson, J. A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved.Penguin Books, London Ltd., 1982.Stewart, Mark A. Raising a Hyperactive Child. London Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.

Decoding Hidden Misconduct of a Child Essay

In The Child Who Walks Backwards, Lorna Crozier conveys a case of swing and tyke abuse, to beguile the harsh truth of this one needs to focus on what they witness and look focus on a deeper meaning in what they are told. The author conveys this idea through the use of structure and from, figurative language and character. Right of the bat the author uses specific wording to make the endorser begin to question the neighbour. My next-door neighbour tells me. (Crozier, 1) the use of the words tells me (1) creates a sense of distrust in the line to come. These words create a stronger feeling preferably than using the word says. It makes the reader wonder if the neighbour is being completely truthful or not. The constant concept of the child being clumsy throughout the text also begins to make the reader question what is really going on.In every stanza there are mentions of various injuries to the child Trips. (13), Cracks. (13), Smacks. (14), Burns. (16) the vast injuries that hive up hint at abuse and neglect. The injuries get progressively worse throughout each stanza. The casts that hold his small bones. (24) the set out should be teaching her child to be more safe and precautious but because she is neglecting him the childs injuries become more severe. The author uses figurative language in the develops speech to make it appear as though she is claiming things are out to get the child as a way of covering up the truth. Cupboard corners and doorknobs have pounded their shapes / into his face. (5) the personifications utilize makes it appear as though the house is deliberately trying to injure her soon, when in reality that is not the case. Sparks burn stars in his skin. (22) again giving human qualities to non-living things are used as explanation for injuries that only a person could create. Sits and stares at flames / while sparks burn stars in his skin. (22) the alliteration catches the readers attention to make them concentrate on what the mother is telling the neighbour. Phillip 2The language used hides what is really going on giving more reason to doubt what the mother is saying and realize her child is being abused and neglected. Evidence of true character makes it very clear that the child is not clumsy and something bigger is going on. In actuality the child shows no sign of being a klutz whatsoever. This child who climbed my maple / with the sureness of a cat, / trips in his room, cracks / his skull on the bedpost. (14) the next-door neighbour witnessed the child showing clear signs of coordination and agility making the mothers claims go past to the child not add up to what is being visibly seen. It does not make sense that the child can so easily climb a tree but be so clumsy at home, this makes it quite apparent that the mother is lying about what goes on in their home.While she lies / sleeping. (31) the diction the author used of the word Lies. (30) creates a separate meaning to the line, being that the mother lies and lies asleep while these injuries take place. The fact that these things happen while the mother is asleep means that someone other than the childs mother is abusing him. He walks backwards. (19) walking backwards makes the child come crosswise as clumsy until you look deeper into the text. People walk backwards when walking away from someone, the child is not clumsy he is backing away from his abuser. In The Child Who Walks Backwards, Lorna Crozier conveys a case of neglect and child abuse, to see the bitter truth one must focus on what they see and looker closer to find a deeper meaning in what they are told. The author conveys this idea through the use of structure and from, figurative language and character. To think deeper meanings can be found from the text that support the idea of child abuse and neglect.

King Lear Essay

King Lear is one of the greatest dramas written by Shakespeargon. It is a poetic disaster in which the good as well as bad characters play their role. King Lear has three daughters Goneril, Regan andCordelia. Cordelia is the youngest daughter. She is an important character of the play. In the last act, she is hanged and her goal seems unjustified. only it is not true. Shakespe ar changed his source material to give his King Lear a tragic ending. Thus there is the defeat of Cordelias army,the imprisonment of Lear and Cordelia, and Cordelias murder in the prison.This tragic end did not find favour with some critics who felt Cordelias termination is unjustified. The other school of thought how ever feels that dramatic inevitability take ins the death of Cordelia. Before justifying Cordeliasdeath, it is necessary to understand some points of her record. In the first Act of the Play, when it is Cordelias turn to tell her father how much she whaps him, she surprises everybody by ref lection that she has nothing to say. In this context when asked by her father if she has really nothing to say, Cordelia repeats the word nothing.Lear then tells herNothing will come of nothing. Cordelia elaborates the reply she has already given. She says that he as her father, has brought her up and sleep withd her and that in return she has perpetually obeyed, loved and honoured him. She says thatwhen she gets married, one-half of her love will go to her husband and remaining half for her father. This reply irritates Lear and he dis inherits her. Then the Duke of Burgundy refuses to marry her on being told that she will bring him no dowry at all. Cordelia makes a dignified remark peace be with BurgundySince, that respect of fortune are his love, I shall not be his wife. We also see that she has a deep love for her father. Later in the play, when Cordelia and Lear are united, she looks after him in his illness. When Lear says that she has sufficient cause to be annoyed with hi m, she says No cause, no cause. It is a touching moment in the play. As a meaning of a plot hatched by Edmond, Cordelia is hanged, and we then see Lear carrying her dead body. The death of Cordelia comes as a shock to all of us. To justify her death, we should look at the weakness of her nature.The whole conduct of Cordelia in the opening scene shows that she is a woman of few words. She is by nature reticent. She does not believe in viewing off her affections for her father. At the sametime, we cannot deny that this incapacity on her part to express her love for her father is a fault in her nature. If the old man wanted to gratify his dignity, Cordelia should have come out with some sort of assurance that she loved her father deeply because sometimes it is better for a person toexpress his love in words in order to satisfy the other person. There was no need for her to be asblunt as she has proved to be.Her father is aware that she loves him the ruff but he wants to hear her s peak about her love and her failure to speak annoys him greatly. Thus the fault is not entirelyon Lears side Cordelia cannot completely be exonerated. Her sere nature proves to be the, causeof Lears undoing (ruin) and her undoing too. Later on, when she comes to fight against the BritishForces, she makes it clear that it is not on account of any military opposition or any desire for conquest that this invasion is taking place but on account of her love for her father an for therestoration of his rights to him.Thus it cannot be some other fault because she could succeed in her purpose by some other means than by fighting. .Bradley rightly points out that Cordelia suffers from a tragic imperfection. It is true that she isdeeply wronged by Lear in the opening scene, but we cannot assert that she her was wholly rig inher behaviour. At a moment, when a momentous issue is under discussion, Fate makes on her theone demand which she is unable to meet. It is a demand which other heroin of Shakespeares playscould have met.They could have made the old, unreasonable king feel that he was loved lovingly bythem . But Cordelia could not do so because she is Cordelia. We neither blame her, nor justify her completely we simply experience the tragic emotions of pity. It is noteworthy that Cordelia is notalways reticent she is not always tongue-tied as several passages show in the play. But tender emotion, for her father makes her dumb as she says Un well-chosen that I am I cannot heaveMy knocker into my mouth. But this particular trait in Cordelias nature is n the only cause of Lears rage in the opening scene.When he asks her to damn her speech a detailed, she gives him a lengthy answer saying that half of her love will go her husband and that she cannot love her father all. in a flash even if she is speakingthe truth here, she is not speaking the absolute truth because to give love to a husband cannotmean taking away any part of love from a father. Her responsibility fo r tragic events cannot bedenied. Through her tragic imperfection, she contributes something to the conflict. While the calamity is largely due(p) to Lears own fault, it is in no small measure due to a deficiency in Cordelia.As the dying Lear gives us a perfect picture of her nature in a few Words Her vox was ever softgentle and low, an excellent thing in woman. She is a loving daughter as in the play it has beensaidThou hast one daughter,Who redeems nature from the general curseWhich twain have brought her to. Mrs. Jameson compares Cordelia as the heroine of filial tenderness, with the self-devotion of Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, saying To Antigone, we give our admiration to Cordelia our tears. Dr Johnson felt that the tragic ending of King Lear, especially the death of Cordelia,violates poetic justice (the virtuous to be rewarded and the wicked to be punished). Besides, he feltthat is the play, the wicked prosper, and the virtuous miscarry (be unsuccessful). The veryconce ption of a Shakespearean tragedy cannot be shape with such a simple theory of poetic justice of the reward due to fairness. The wages of sin is always death though the reward of virtue isnot always rapture. Cordelias death is a final crushing blow inflicted upon the repentant King.Atragedy in which everything can be explained and justified is not a tragedy at all. Dr Bradley is of the opinion that the end is to be tragic, it is bound to be completed with the death of Cordelia. It was not possible for Shakespeare to have given King Lear peace and happiness at Cordelias fire-side. We cannot dissociate Lear from Cordelia and think of one surviving the other. Lears fate,therefore, involves the fate of Cordelia. Her death is sacrificial, and upon such sacrifices whatever gods there may be shoot their incense.Goodness and wickedness are each its reward and a truereward that reconciles us to the close of tragedies in which the great suffer, Lear and Cordelia aremore victims than offend ers. The death of Cordelia constitutes an appropriate ending for the play. Some critics are of the opinionthat this death makes the play too sad. Nahum Tate went to the extent of altering the event at theend in order to give it a happy ending. But a happy ending to the play would not really be suitable.Cordelias death seems to be gratuitous (uncalled-for) but in tragedy, the suffering of a goodcharacter is always excessive. Therefore, if Cordelia meets her death in spite of her being innocent,we should not protest against the authors judgment. The divine forces are not unjust. It should be remembered that it is human error that has broughtabout the sufferings of Lear and Cordelia fate has little role in the matter. Cordelias dumbnesscaused all her suffering that indeed is a concept of justice few can quarrel with, and her deathmakes her character memorable.

Bismarck History Essay

The battleship capital of North Dakota was named in honour of Otto Frst von capital of North Dakota, the interior decorator of German unification and the arbiter of European politics during the second half of the 19th century. Bismarck, also known as the Iron Chancellor, was the founder and outgrowth chancellor of the German Empire, and through his diplomatic skills, he managed to maintain the peace in Europe for a generation.Otto von Bismarck was born on 1 April 1815 at Schnhausen in Brandenburg, Prussia. His father, Ferdinand von Bismarck-Schnhausen, was of the Old Prussian nobility. His mother, Wilhelmine Mencken, from the upper bourgeoisie. He studied law at the University of Gottingen in Hanover, and obtained his degree in 1837 and then entered the Prussian civil service. after leaving the service he helped manage the family estates. He entered politics & married Johanna von Puttkammer in 1847.During the revolutions of 1848, Bismarck favored suppression of revolt and opposed a ny concessions to the liberals, staying liege to the monarchy & was determined to free the states from Austrian domination and to unite them under Prussian rule. In 1849, he was elected to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (the lower chamber of the Prussian Diet). In 1851, Frederick William IV appointed Bismarck as the Prussian representative to the federal Diet in Frankfurt. In 1859, Bismarck was sent to Russia as Prussian ambassador to St. Petersburg, and in May 1862, he moved to Paris as ambassador to the court of Napoleon III. Soon after he returned to Berlin, on 22 September 1862, Bismarck became minister president and foreign minister for the Prussian king William I (Wilhelm I).In 1864 Prussia allied with Austria to provoke war with Denmark. The victorious consort won the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, but two years later quarrels over the duchies led to war between Prussia and Austria. The defeat of Austria gave Prussia control over the states north of the Main River. Bi smarck formed them into the North German Confederation. Relations between Prussia and its age-old enemy France then became tense. In 1870 the nomination of a Hohenzollern prince to the vacant Spanish throne was locomote upon French demand.When the French ambassador asked King William I of Prussia to promise that the nomination would never be renewed, the king dismissed the ambassador. France then declared war on Prussia, and the Prussian army, with the armies of the other German states, attacked and defeated the disorganized French (see Franco-Prussian struggle). The German states were then united, and William I became Kaiser, or emperor, of the new German Empire. Bismarck, raised to the rank of prince, became the proud chancellor (Reichskanzler).As German chancellor, Bismarck directed his foreign policy at maintaining and strengthening the power of the German Empire. In order to prevent a war of revenge, Bismarck decided now to isolate France diplomatically. In 1873, he formed t he Three Emperors League (Dreikaiserbund) with Russia and Austria-Hungary. But rivalry in the Balkans provoked the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, and Bismarck had to mediate at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, successfully maintaining the peace. Increasing Russian hostility brought about the Dual shackle with Austria (1879), and then the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in 1882.Bismarck, however, sought to tie Russia to this alliance by reviving the Three Emperors League (1881-87) through the Reinsurance Treaty (1887-90). He also gained British cooperation. During Bismarcks chancellorship, Germany established colonies in Africa and in the Pacific and built up its industries. William I was succeeded in 1888 by his son Frederick III, a sick man who govern only three months. Fredericks son became Kaiser William II. Because William II wanted sole power, he forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. Bismarck retired to his estate at Friedrichsruh, where he died on July 30, 1898 at the age of 83.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 6 FRIENDS

THE MOTORCYCLES DIDNT NEED TO BE HIDDEN ANY further than simply placing them in Jacobs shed. Billys wheelchair couldnt maneuver the un even step to the fore ground separating it from the house.Jacob started pulling the beginning(a) bikethe red superstar, which was destined for meto pieces immediately. He opened up the passenger admission of the Rabbit so I could sit on the seat instead of the ground. spot he croaked, Jacob chattered happily, needing only the lightest of nudges from me to keep the conversation rolling. He updated me on the progress of his sophomore y stiletto heel of school, rail on ab reveal his classes andhis cardinal best friends.Quil and Embry? I interrupted. Those are unusual names.Jacob chuckled. Quils is a hand-me-down, and I think Embry got named after a soap opera star. I cant say anything, though. They fight dirty if you start on their namestheyll tag team you.Good friends. I raised one eyebrow.No, they are. dependable dont mess with their names.Ju st and so a c only echoed in the distance. Jacob? someone sh go forthed.Is that Billy? I asked.No. Jacob ducked his head, and it looked worry he was blushing lower-ranking his brown skin. Speak of the raise up, he mumbled, and the devil shall appear.Jake? Are you out here? The shouting voice was closer now.Yeah Jacob shouted concealment, and sighed.We waited by the presently silence until ii tall, dark-skinned sons strolled around the command into the shed.One was slender, and almost as tall as Jacob. His black hair was chin-length and parted down the middle, one side tucked behind his left ear enchantment the right side swung free. The shorter boy was more burly. His white T-shirt strained everyplace his well-developed chest, and he seemed gleefully conscious of that fact. His hair was so short it was almost a buzz.Both boys stopped short when they saw me. The thin boy glanced swiftly back and forth between Jacob and me, while the brawny boy kept his eye on me, a slow grimace spreading across his face.Hey, guys, Jacob greeted them halfheartedly.Hey, Jake, the short one express without looking away from me. I had to smile in response, his grin was so impish. When I did, he winked at me. Hi, there.Quil, Embrythis is my friend, Bella.Quil and Embry, I steady didnt know which was which, exchanged a loaded look.Charlies kid, right? the brawny boy asked me, holding out his hand.Thats right, I confirmed, shaking hands with him. His grasp was firm it looked like he was flexing his bicep.Im Quil Ateara, he announced grandly before releasing my hand. straightlaced to accommodate you, Quil.Hey, Bella. Im Embry, Embry Callyou probably already figured that out, though. Embry smiled a shy smile and waved with one hand, which he past shoved in the pocket of his jeans.I nodded. Nice to meet you, likewise.So what are you guys doing? Quil asked, until now looking at me.Bella and I are going to fix up these bikes, Jacob explained inaccurately. But bikes seem ed to be the magic word. Both boys went to discover Jacobs project, drilling him with educated questions. Many of the words they used were unfamiliar to me, and I figured Id agree to have a Y chromosome to real understand the excitement.They were still immersed in talk of parts and pieces when I decided that I needed to head back home before Charlie showed up here. With a sigh, I slid out of the Rabbit.Jacob looked up, apologetic. Were boring you, arent we?Naw. And it wasnt a lie. I was enjoying myselfhow fantastic. I only when have to go cook dinner for Charlie.Oh well, Ill finish taking these apart tonight and figure out what more well need to get started rebuilding them. When do you want to work on them again?Could I come back tomorrow? Sundays were the bane of my existence. on that point was never fair to middling homework to keep me busy.Quil nudged Embrys arm and they exchanged grins.Jacob smiled in delight. That would be greatIf you make a list, we can go shop for part s, I suggested.Jacobs face fell a slender. Im still not sealed I should let you pay for everything.I shook my head. No way. Im bankrolling this fellowship. You just have to depict the labor and expertise.Embry rolled his eye at Quil.That doesnt seem right, Jacob shook his head.Jake, if I took these to a mechanic, how much would he charge me? I pointed out.He smiled. Okay, youre getting a deal.Not to mention the riding lessons, I added.Quil grinned totally at Embry and whispered something I didnt catch. Jacobs hand flashed out to smack the back of Quils head. Thats it, get out, he muttered.No, very, I have to go, I protested, heading for the door. Ill see you tomorrow, Jacob.As soon as I was out of sight, I heard Quil and Embry chorus, WoooooThe sound of a brief rough-and-tumble followed, interspersed with an ouch and a heyIf either of you set so much as one toe on my land tomorrow I heard Jacob threaten. His voice was wooly-minded as I walked through the trees.I giggled quie tly. The sound make my eyes widen in wonder. I was laughing, actually laughing, and there wasnt even anyone watching. I felt up so weightless that I laughed again, just make the feeling defy longer.I beat Charlie home. When he walked in I was just taking the hot up chicken out of the pan and laying it on a pile of paper towels.Hey, Dad. I flashed him a grin.Shock flitted across his face before he pulled his expression together. Hey, honey, he said, his voice uncertain. Did you have fun with Jacob?I started moving the food to the table. Yeah, I did.Well, thats good. He was still cautious. What did you two do?Now it was my raise to be cautious. I hung out in his garage and watched him work. Did you know hes rebuilding a Volkswagen?Yeah, I think Billy mentioned that.The interrogation had to stop when Charlie began chewing, still he continued to study my face as he ate.After dinner, I dithered around, cleaning the kitchen twice, and then did my homework slowly in the front room whi le Charlie watched a hockey endorse. I waited as long as I could, but finally Charlie mentioned the late moment. When I didnt respond, he got up, stretched, and then left, do working out the light behind him. Reluctantly, I followed.As I climbed the stairs, I felt the last of the afternoons abnormal sense of well-being drain from my system, replaced by a weary fear at the thought of what I was going to have to live through now.I wasnt numb anymore. Tonight would, no doubt, be as horrid as last night. I lay down on my bed and curled into a ball in preparation for the onslaught. I squeezed my eyes leave off and the next thing I next I k refreshed, it was morning.I stared at the pale silver light coming through my window, stunned.For the first time in more than four months, Id slept without dreaming. Dreaming or screaming. I couldnt tell which emotion was strongerthe relief or the shock.I lay still in my bed for a hardly a(prenominal) minutes, waiting for it to come back. Becau se something must be coming. If not the pain, then the numbness. I waited, but naught happened. I felt more rested than I had in a long time.I didnt trust this to last. It was a slippery, precarious acuity that I balanced on, and it wouldnt take much to strike hard me back down. Just glancing around my room with these suddenly clear eyesnoticing how strange it looked, too tidy, like I didnt live here at allwas dangerous.I pushed that thought from my mind, and concentrated, as I got dressed, on the fact that I was going to see Jacob again today. The thought made me feel almost hopeful. perhaps it would be the same as yesterday. Maybe I wouldnt have to remind myself to look interested and to nod or smile at appropriate intervals, the way I had to with everyone else. Maybe but I wouldnt trust this to last, either. Wouldnt trust it to be the sameso easyas yesterday. I wasnt going to set myself up for disappointment like that.At assurefast, Charlie was being careful, too. He tried t o hide his scrutiny, holding his eyes on his eggs until he thought I wasnt looking.What are you up to today? he asked, eyeing a loose thread on the edge of his cuff like he wasnt paying much attention to my answer.Im going to hang out with Jacob again.He nodded without looking up. Oh, he said.Do you mind? I pretended to worry. I could stayHe glanced up quickly, a hint of panic in his eyes. No, no You go ahead. Harry was going to come up to watch the game with me anyway.Maybe Harry could give Billy a ride up, I suggested. The fewer witnesses the better.Thats a great idea.I wasnt sure if the game was just an excuse for kicking me out, but he looked excited enough now. He headed to the telephone set while I donned my rain jacket. I felt self-aware with the checkbook shoved in my jacket pocket. It was something I never used.Outside, the rain came down like water slopped from a bucket. I had to drive more slowly than I cute to I could hardly see a car length in front of the truck. Bu t I finally made it through the muddy lanes to Jacobs house. Before Id killed the engine, the front door opened and Jacob came running out with a capacious black umbrella.He held it over my door while I opened it.Charlie calledsaid you were on your way, Jacob explained with a grin.Effortles dodgy, without a conscious command to the muscles around my lips, my answering smile spread across my face. A strange feeling of fanaticism bubbled up in my throat, despite the icy rain splattering on my cheeks.Hi, Jacob.Good call on inviting Billy up. He held up his hand for a high five.I had to reach so high to slap his hand that he laughed.Harry showed up to get Billy just a few minutes later. Jacob took me on a brief tour of his tiny room while we waited to be unsupervised.So where to, Mr. Goodwrench? I asked as soon as the door closed behind Billy.Jacob pulled a folded paper out of his pocket and smoothed it out. Well start at the dump first, see if we can get lucky. This could get a littl e expensive, he warned me. Those bikes are going to need a lot of help before theyll run again. My face didnt look worried enough, so he continued. Im talk active maybe more than a hundred dollars here.I pulled my checkbook out, fanned myself with it, and rolled my eyes at his worries. Were covered.It was a very strange kind of day. I enjoyed myself. Even at the dump, in the slopping rain and ankle-deep mud. I wondered at first if it was just the aftershock of losing the numbness, but I didnt think that was enough of an explanation.I was beginning to think it was mostly Jacob. It wasnt just that he was always so happy to see me, or that he didnt watch me out of the box of his eye, waiting for me to do something that would mark me as untamed or depressed. It was nothing that related to me at all.It was Jacob himself. Jacob was simply a perpetually happy person, and he carried that delight with him like an aura, sharing it with whoever was near him. Like an earthbound sun, whenev er someone was within his gravitational pull, Jacob potented them. It was natural, a part of who he was. No wonder I was so eager to see him.Even when he commented on the gaping hole in my dashboard, it didnt send me into a panic like it should have.Did the stereo break? he wondered.Yeah, I lied.He poked around in the cavity. Who took it out? Theres a lot of damageI did, I admitted.He laughed. Maybe you shouldnt touch the motorcycles too much.No problem.According to Jacob, we did get lucky at the dump. He was very excited around several grease-blackened pieces of twisted metal that he found I was just impressed that he could tell what they were supposed to be.From there we went to the Checker Auto Parts down in Hoquiam. In my truck, it was more than a two hour drive south on the winding freeway, but the time passed easily with Jacob. He chattered intimately his friends and his school, and I found myself asking questions, not even pretending, truly curious to hear what he had to s ay.Im doing all the talking, he complained after a long story about Quil and the trouble hed stirred up by asking out a seniors steady girlfriend. Why dont you take a turn? Whats going on in Forks? It has to be more exciting than La Push.Wrong, I sighed. Theres really nothing. Your friends are a lot more interesting than mine. I like your friends. Quils funny.He frowned. I think Quil likes you, too.I laughed. Hes a little young for me.Jacobs frown deepened. Hes not that much younger than you. Its just a year and a few months.I had a feeling we werent talking about Quil anymore. I kept my voice light, teasing. Sure, but, considering the difference in maturity between guys and girls, dont you have to count that in dog years? What does that make me, about dozen years older?He laughed, rolling his eyes. Okay, but if youre going to get picky like that, you have to average in size, too. Youre so small, Ill have to knock ten years off your total.Five foot four is perfectly average. I snif fed. Its not my fault youre a freak. We bantered like that till Hoquiam, still literary argument over the correct formula to determine ageI lost two more years because I didnt know how to change a tire, but gained one back for being in charge of the bookkeeping at my houseuntil we were in Checker, and Jacob had to concentrate again. We found everything left on his list, and Jacob felt confident that he could make a lot of progress with our haul.By the time we got back to La Push, I was twenty-three and he was thirtyhe was definitely weighting skills in his favor.I hadnt forgotten the tenability for what I was doing. And, even though I was enjoying myself more than Id thought possible, there was no lessening of my original desire. I still wanted to cheat. It was senseless, and I really didnt care. I was going to be as reckless as I could possibly manage in Forks. I would not be the only custodian of an empty contract. Getting to spend time with Jacob was just a much bigger perk tha n Id expected.Billy wasnt back yet, so we didnt have to be stealthy about unloading our days spoils. As soon as we had everything laid out on the plastic floor next to Jacobs toolbox, he went right to work, still talking and laughing while his fingers combed expertly through the metal pieces in front of him.Jacobs skill with his hands was fascinating. They looked too big for the delicate tasks they performed with ease and precision. While he worked, he seemed almost graceful. Unlike when he was on his feet there, his height and big feet made him nearly as dangerous as I was.Quil and Embry did not show up, so maybe his threat yesterday had been taken seriously.The day passed too quickly. It got dark outside the mouth of the garage before I was expecting it, and then we heard Billy calling for us.I jumped up to help Jacob put things away, hesitating because I wasnt sure what I should touch.Just leave it, he said. Ill work on it later tonight.Dont forget your schoolwork or anything, I said, feeling a little guilty. I didnt want him to get in trouble. That plan was just for me.Bella?Both our heads snapped up as Charlies familiar voice wafted through the trees, sounding closer than the house.Shoot, I muttered. Coming I yelled toward the house.Lets go. Jacob smiled, enjoying the cloak-and-dagger. He snapped the light off, and for a moment I was blind. Jacob grabbed my hand and towed me out of the garage and through the trees, his feet finding the familiar path easily. His hand was rough, and very warm.Despite the path, we were both tripping over our feet in the darkness. So we were also both laughing when the house came into view. The laughter did not go deep it was light and superficial, but still nice. I was sure he wouldnt notice the faint hint of hysteria. I wasnt used to laughing, and it felt right and also very wrong at the same time.Charlie was standing under the little back porch, and Billy was sitting in the doorway behind them.Hey, Dad, we both said at th e same time, and that started us laughing again.Charlie stared at me with wide eyes that flashed down to note Jacobs hand around mine.Billy invited us for dinner, Charlie said to us in an absentminded tone.My super secret recipe for spaghetti. pass on down for generations, Billy said gravely.Jacob snorted. I dont think Ragus actually been around that long.The house was crowded. Harry Clearwater was there, too, with his familyhis wife, Sue, whom I knew vaguely from my childhood summers in Forks, and his two children. Leah was a senior like me, but a year older. She was beautiful in an exotic wayperfect copper skin, glistening black hair, eyelashes like feather dustersand preoccupied. She was on Billys phone when we got in, and she never let it go. Seth was fourteen he hung on Jacobs every word with idolizing eyes.There were too many of us for the kitchen table, so Charlie and Harry brought chairs out to the yard, and we ate spaghetti off plates on our laps in the dim light from Bill ys open door. The men talked about the game, and Harry and Charlie made fishing plans. Sue teased her maintain about his cholesterol and tried, unsuccessfully, to shame him into eating something green and leafy. Jacob talked mostly to me and Seth, who interrupted eagerly whenever Jacob seemed in danger of forgetting him. Charlie watched me, studying to be inconspicuous about it, with rejoicing but cautious eyes.It was loud and sometimes confusing as everyone talked over everyone else, and the laughter from one joke interrupted the telling of another. I didnt have to turn to often, but I smiled a lot, and only because I felt like it.I didnt want to leave.This was Washington, though, and the inevitable rain eventually broke up the party Billys living room was much too small to provide an option for continuing the get-together. Harry had driven Charlie down, so we rode together in my truck on the way back home. He asked about my day, and I told mostly the truththat Id gone with Jac ob to look at parts and then watched him work in his garage.You think youll take down again anytime soon? he wondered, trying to be casual about it.Tomorrow after school, I admitted. Ill take homework, dont worry.You be sure to do that, he ordered, trying to disguise his satisfaction.I was nervous when we got to the house. I didnt want to go upstairs. The warmth of Jacobs presence was fading and, in its absence, the anxiety grew stronger. I was sure I wouldnt get away with two peaceful nights of sleep in a row.To put bedtime off, I checked my e-mail there was a new inwardness from Renee.She wrote about her day, a new book club that rilled the time slot of the meditation classes shed just quit, her week subbing in the second grade, missing her kindergarteners. She wrote that Phil was enjoying his new coaching job, and that they were planning a second honeymoon trip to Disney World.And I noticed that the whole thing read like a journal entry, instead than a letter to someone else. Remorse flooded through me, leaving an uncomfortable sting behind. Some daughter I was.I wrote back to her quickly, commenting on each part of her letter, volunteering information of my owndescribing the spaghetti party at Billys and how I felt watching Jacob build useful things out of small pieces of metalawed and slightly envious. I made no reference to the change this letter would befrom the ones shed received in the last several months. I could barely remember what Id written to her even as recently as last week, but I was sure it wasnt very responsive. The more I thought about it, the guiltier I felt I really must have worried her.I stayed up extra late after that, finishing more homework than strictly necessary. But neither sleep deprivation nor the time spent with Jacobbeing almost happy in a shallow kind of waycould keep the dream away for two nights in a row.I woke shuddering, my scream muffled by the pillow.As the dim morning light filtered through the fog outside my wind ow, I lay still in bed and tried to shake off the dream. There had been a small difference last night, and I concentrated on that.Last night I had not been alone in the woods. Sam Uleythe man who had pulled me from the forest floor that night I couldnt bear to think of consciouslywas there. It was an odd, unexpected alteration. The mans dark eyes had been amazingly unfriendly, filled with some secret he didnt seem inclined to share. Id stared at him as often as my frantic searching had allowed it made me uncomfortable, under all the usual panic, to have him there. Maybe that was because, when I didnt look directly at him, his shape seemed to shiver and change in my peripheral vision. Yet he did nothing but stand and watch. Unlike the time when we had met in reality, he did not offer me his help.Charlie stared at me during breakfast, and I tried to ignore him. I supposed I deserved it. I couldnt expect him not to worry. It would probably be weeks before he stopped watching for the p arry of the zombie, and I would just have to try to not let it bother me. After all, I would be watching for the return of the zombie, too. Two days was hardly long enough to call me cured. enlighten was the opposite. Now that I was paying attention, it was clear that no one was watching here.I remembered the first day Id come to Forks High Schoolhow desperately Id wished that I could turn gray, fade into the wet concrete of the sidewalk like an oversized chameleon. It seemed I was getting that wish answered, a year late.It was like I wasnt there. Even my teachers eyes slid past my seat as if it were empty.I listened all through the morning, hearing once again the voices of the people around me. I tried to catch up on what was going on, but the conversations were so disjointed that I gave up.Jessica didnt look up when I sat down next to her in Calculus.Hey, Jess, I said with put-on nonchalance. How was the rest of your weekend?She looked at me with suspicious eyes. Could she still b e angry? Or was she just too impatient to deal with a crazy person?Super, she said, turning back to her book.Thats good, I mumbled.The figure of speech cold shoulder seemed to have some literal truth to it. I could feel the warm air blowing from the floor vents, but I was still too cold. I took the jacket off the back of my chair and put it on again.My fourth hour class got out late, and the lunch table I always sat at was full by the time I arrived. Mike was there, Jessica and Angela, Conner, Tyler, Eric and Lauren. Katie Marshall, the redheaded jr.who lived around the corner from me, was sitting with Eric, and Austin Marksolder brother to the boy with the motorcycleswas next to her. I wondered how long theyd been sitting here, unable to remember if this was the first day or something that was a regular habit.I was beginning to get annoyed with myself. I might as well have been packed in Styrofoam peanuts through the last semester.No one looked up when I sat down next to Mike, eve n though the chair squealed stridently against the linoleum as I dragged it back.I tried to catch up with the conversation.Mike and Conner were talking sports, so I gave up on that one at once.Wheres Ben today? Lauren was asking Angela. I perked up, interested. I wondered if that meant Angela and Ben were still together.I barely recognized Lauren. Shed cut off all her blond, corn-silk hairnow she had a pixie cut so short that the back was shaved like a boy. What an odd thing for her to do. I wished I knew the reason behind it. Did she get gum stuck in it? Did she sell it? Had all the people she was habitually pie-eyed to caught her behind the gym and scalped her? I decided it wasnt fair for me to judge her now by my former opinion. For all I knew, shed turned into a nice person.Bens got the live on flu, Angela said in her quiet, calm voice. Hopefully its just some twenty-four hour thing. He was really sick last night.Angela had changed her hair, too. Shed grown out her layers.What did you two do this weekend? Jessica asked, not sounding as if she cared about the answer. Id bet that this was just an opener so she could tell her own stories. I wondered if she would talk about Port Angeles with me sitting two seats away? Was I that invisible, that no one would feel uncomfortable discussing me while I was here?We were going to have a picnic Saturday, actually, but we changed our minds, Angela said. There was an edge to her voice that caught my interest.Jess, not so much. Thats too bad, she said, about to launch into her story. But I wasnt the only one who was paying attention.What happened? Lauren asked curiously.Well, Angela said, seeming more hesitant than usual, though she was always reserved, we drove up north, almost to the hot springstheres a good spot just about a mile up the trail. But, when we were halfway there we saw something.Saw something? What? Laurens pale eyebrows pulled together. Even Jess seemed to be listening now.I dont know, Angela said. We think it was a bear. It was black, anyway, but it seemed too big.Lauren snorted. Oh, not you, too Her eyes turned mocking, and I decided I didnt need to give her the benefit of the doubt. Obviously her personality had not changed as much as her hair. Tyler tried to sell me that one last week.Youre not going to see any bears that close to the resort, Jessica said, siding with Lauren.Really, Angela protested in a low voice, looking down at the table. We did see it.Lauren snickered. Mike was still talking to Conner, not paying attention to the girls.No, shes right, I threw in impatiently. We had a hiker in just Saturday who saw the bear, too, Angela. He said it was huge and black and just outside of town, didnt he, Mike?There was a moment of silence. Every pair of eyes at the table turned to stare at me in shock. The new girl, Katie, had her mouth hanging open like shed just witnessed an explosion. Nobody moved.Mike? I muttered, mortified. Remember the guy with the bear story?S-sure, M ike stuttered after a second. I didnt know why he was looking at me so strangely. I talked to him at work, didnt I? Did I? I thought soMike recovered. Yeah, there was a guy who said he saw a huge black bear right at the trailheadbigger than a grizzly, he confirmed.Hmph. Lauren turned to Jessica, her shoulders stiff, and changed the subject.Did you hear back from USC? she asked.Everyone else looked away, too, except for Mike and Angela. Angela smiled at me tentatively, and I hurried to return the smile.So, what did you do this weekend, Bella? Mike asked, curious, but oddly wary.Everyone but Lauren looked back, waiting for my response.Friday night, Jessica and I went to a movie in Port Angeles. And then I spent Saturday afternoon and most of Sunday down at La Push.The eyes flickered to Jessica and back to me. Jess looked irritated. I wondered if she didnt want anyone to know shed gone out with me, or whether she just wanted to be the one to tell the story.What movie did you see? Mike asked, starting to smile.Dead Endthe one with the zombies. I grinned in encouragement. Maybe some of the damage Id make in these past zombie months was reparable.I heard that was scary. Did you think so? Mike was eager to continue the conversation.Bella had to leave at the end, she was so freaked, Jessica inserted with a sly smile.I nodded, trying to look embarrassed. It was pretty scary.Mike didnt stop asking me questions till lunch was over. Gradually, the others were able to start up their own conversations again, though they still looked at me a lot. Angela talked mostly to Mike and me, and, when I got up to dump my tray, she followed.Thanks, she said in a low voice when we were away from the table.For what?Speaking up, sticky up for me.No problem.She looked at me with concern, but not the offensive, maybe-shes-lost-it kind. Are you okay?This is why Id picked Jessica over Angelathough Id always liked Angela morefor the girls night movie. Angela was too perceptive.Not completel y, I admitted. But Im a little bit better.Im glad, she said. Ive missed you.Lauren and Jessica strolled by us then, and I heard Lauren whisper loudly, Oh, joy Bellas back.Angela rolled her eyes at them, and smiled at me in encouragement.I sighed It was like I was starting all over again.Whats todays date? I wondered suddenly.Its January nineteenth.Hmm.What is it? Angela asked.It was a year ago yesterday that I had my first day here, I mused.Nothings changed much, Angela muttered, looking after Lauren and Jessica.I know, I agreed I was just thinking the same thing.

Current Issues in Athletics Essay

Deviant behaviour is defined as behaviour which does non adhere to widely-accepted social or cultural norms. Deviance in swashs is not something that has vindicatory begun rather, it has been portrayed and, at times, exaggerated to the extent where there argon reflections of obvious problems in professional sports, if not society as a whole. Deviance in sports began as soon as sports became an important matched lifestyle for the individuals participating and witnessing the events.The jock is often the more or less scrutinized individual in terms of sports deviance. This is especially true today as many cultures have embraced individuals who want to live out their childhood dream to scram a professional athlete as they have viewed top athletes as role models. With this constant pressure to perform well and the agenising lifestyle of constantly cosmos in the spotlight, many athletes find themselves doing anything it takes to win. This article will look at the type of deviance a ssociated with athletics for example Drugs, gamesmanship etc.Playing sports brings out the competitive sides of many athletes. To near athletes, winning is everything, and they will do absolutely anything to make sure they win, including the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Performance- enhancing drugs include1. Anabolic Steroids2. Hormones including1. Erythropoietin (EPO)2. Human process Hormone (hGH)3. Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)4. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)5. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)1. Beta-2-Agonists2. Hormone Antagonists and Modulators3. Diuretics4. Even recreational drugsThese substances are criminalize at ALL times. Using drugs to screw in sport is not new, exclusively it is becoming more effective. . The problem of drugs in athletics is that as fast as scientists devise new tests for catching traces of drugs in the body, there are other scientists that are devising more new products that enhance performance.According to the Us Anti- Doping mode, if an athlete tests positive for doping of any of the inhibitionned substances there is a range of measures taken as punishment1. Loss of sponsorship deals2. Loss of income3. Wiping out of previous achievements4. Damage to future career prospectsUnder their Code, if an athlete tests positive for a prohibited substance they are usually liable for a one- class ban. An athlete may be eligible for a cut down sanction if they potentiometer prove they bore no significant fault or negligence.Substances and methods used to dope have health consequences. Many can be lead to severe health disregards or even death.The use of recreational or social drugs is banned in sport. Whilst an athlete can be in a compromising situation with peers outside sport, its important for athletes to recognise that social drugs such as cannabis can be bad to feature performance and result in a positive test result weeks later.An example of drugs use is European champion sprinter Dwain Chambers. Who te sted positive for a banned anabolic steroid in 2003. The allegation was strongly denied by his coach.He was one of Britains best hopes for a gold medal at following years Olympic Games, Chambers allegedly failed a test for the newly discovered drug tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) which was thought to be undetectable. Traces of the drug were lay down in a urine sample that the European 100 metres champion and record holder provided during an out-of-competition test at his training base in Saarbrucken, Germany, on August 1, the Guardian newspaper reported.At this time if Chambers failed the test and was banned from athletics for two years and from the Olympic Games for life. though in 2008 he returned to athletics and competed in the European championships running the 60m to win silver. In the same year he also launched a High Court appeal a pullst his lifespan ban from the Olympics but the decision of the British Olympic Authority (BOA) was upheld. Though in 2012 The Court of Arbitratio n for Sport over-ruled the BOAs lifetime Olympics ban for drug cheats, freeing Chambers up to compete at capital of the United Kingdom 2012. He won the 100m at the UK Olympic trials with a time of 10.25sec and was selected for Team GB despite not running under the Olympic A standard.Another example of doping is female GB sprinter Bernice Wilson. She was banned by Uk athletics this year as she tested positive for the anabolic steroid testosterone and Clenbuterol. Clenbuterol, similar to the asthma drug salbutamol, is used to treat breathing dis nightclubs as a decongestant and bronchodilator. It causes an increase in aerobic capacity, blood pressure and oxygen transportation, and speeds the rate at which fats are burned. It is officially classified as a sympathomimetic steroid. She was presumptuousness a 4 year ban from athletics by the court of appeal and she will not be allowed to compete until 2015.In my opinion I conceive of athletes should be given lifetime bans from their sp ort because when their stories come out about them doping it doesnt give them a good image towards the younger generations that look up to and idolise these athletes. Linford Christie who served a two year drug ban from athletics competeion, verbalise that atheletics is so corrupt now and I wouldnt want my child doing it.The world Anti-Doping agency has launched the campagin Say NO to doping which aims to educate people on theeffects of performance enhancing drugs on both their health and sporting career. I believe more of these programmes should be rate up and more people made aware of the consequences faced when taking drugs.GamesmanshipAnother form of deviance is Gamesmanship. There is a fine line betwixt cheating and gamesmanship. What you might consider cheating simply could be part of the game to another. Gamesmanship is defined as the use of equivocal methods to win or gain a serious advantage in a game or sport. It has been described as Pushing the rules to the limit wi thout getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired end.A form of gamesmanship in athletics is a false start. An athlete can choose to abort the start by and by the on your marks and set commands and before the firing of the start device by raising his hand or standing up. Thiscan intimitate the other competetiors on the starting blocks as once in the starting blocks the competetiors are not allowed to move until the gun has been sounded to signal the start of the event. The athlete may also be warned for uncomely conduct by the referee if the accomplish was determined to be inappropriate. Sometimes competitors can disturb other athletes at the starting line and this may be considered a false start. If a starter isnt satisfied that all competitors are ready to proceed with the race, he will order the competitors to stand up.The most famous example of a false start was Usain Bolt in the 100m final at the World Championships in Daegu. Bolt reacted, 0.104 seconds before the gun was fired. A second gun crack confirmed his his disqulification. Though in recent studies and slow-motion replays of the start of the race show how Blakes left leg twitched in the flashbulb before Bolt pushed off from the blocks. Some commentators have suggested that Blake himself could, and maybe should, have been disqualified. The IAAF rules state that once the athletes are in the set position, they must not move, and Blakes leg clearly twitched. It was that rule which caused Dwain Chambers to be disqualified in his semi-final.Another example of a false start was Christine Ohuruogu who was disqualified from the 400m in the worldchampionships in 2011. Such events are extremely old in the 400m, but Ohuruogu came out of her blocks way ahead of any of her rivals. She told Channel 4 that, I knew it was me straight away. I cant believe it. I just wanted to get a good start as I knew it was going to be a fast round. Under the new false-start regulations br ought in by the IAAF at the start of 2010, she was allowed no warning nor second chance and was shown a red card by officials before being ushered off the track in a state of shock she commented to the BBC that, Ive just wasted all that hard work, its just wasted.Gender issues and equalityGender issue take two different forms in athletics. The two forms1. Gender equality- The number of men and woman in sport2. Gender issues- Verifying the eligibility of an athlete to compete in a sporting event that is limited to a single sex.Gender issues are a rare occasion in athletics. The issue arose a number of times in the Olympic Games where it was alleged that male athletes attempted to compete as women in order to win. The firstly mandatory sex test issued by the IAAF for woman athletes was in July 1950 in the month before the European Championships in Belgium. All athletes were tested in their own countries. Sex testing at the games began at the 1966 European Athletics Championships in r esponse to suspicion that several of the best women athletes from the Soviet Union and east Europe were actually men. At the Olympics, testing was introduced at the 1968 Olympic Winter Games in Grenoble.While it arose primarily from the Olympic Games, grammatical gender verification affects any sporting event. However, it most often becomes an issue in elite international competition. The most famous example is Caster Semenya, a South African middle-distance runner and world champion. Semenya won gold in the womens 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships with a time of 155.45 in the final. She was scrutinized because of her masculine appearance and it raised concerns and complaints to the International knowledge of Athletics Federations, the governing body for all international athletic competitions outside the Olympics. She was banned from competing as gender tests where carried out on her. It took until July 2010 for the IAAF cleared her to compete.The main issue is gender in equality in sport. In the past, and still to an extent today, many women have been stereotyped into domestic roles, leaving fewer opportunities or activites available for them to move in as sports where viewed to be male dominant. It wasnt until the 1980s a more enlightened and equal approach began to emerge which allowed womans sports to blossom in the UK. For the first time in the 2012 London Olympic Games, every country that was competeing had women in their teams. Women this year made up approximately 45% of the atheltes whereas in 1948 in Los Angeles simply 24% of those competing were women. Only 16 years ago, in Atlanta, 26 countries did not send any women at all, according to website Muslim Women in Sport.Lord Coe, the London 2012 chairman, said Weve had more women competing in these Games. Some of the big, high-profile moments have focused on women. Its really moved the agenda on. merely Jowell said the ongoing gender imbalance was symptomatic of wider discrimination agai nst women in sport.Sport England has an aim to get more women back into sport. Sport Englands most recent figures, published last month, showed that one in eight women play sport in regularly England compared with one in five men. Among disadvantaged communities, the number of women drops to one in 10. They will invest 10 million into 20 projects to reduce the gender gap.RacismRacism in sport is a problem which is manifest somewhat the world. It has led to a wide range of controversial incidents which have been reported in the media. The sport itself does not induce racism. The people that participate in the playing, organization, and slaying of sports bring racism into sports.One of the most notorious examples of racism in an international sporting event occurred in the 1936 Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany, in the Nazi era. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler hoped that the Olympic events would display the superiority of the Aryan racethat is, he hoped that the white athl etes would greatly surpass athletes of other racial or ethnic backgrounds. When pitch-black American track and field athlete Jesse Owens (19131980) won four gold medals, a stunned Hitler angrily left the stadium. German fans, however, received Owens well and cheered his accomplishments.Though in more recent events Greek champion tercet jumper Voula Papachristou has became the first athlete banned from competing at the London 2012 Olympic Games for posting antiblack and offensive comments on Twitter.Papachristou a supporter of the far-right political party Golden Dawn, posted the offensive tweet, which she now claims was a joke.The tweet said With so many Africans in Greece, at least the West Nile mosquitoes will eat home made foodThis was to be her first Olympics where she was to be recognised for her triple jumping but instead she was recognised for all the wrong reasons.Another example of racism in athletics was the Australian athlete John Steffensen. He claims he was racially abused by Athletics Austrailia by not being selected for thr 4X400m relay event in the London Olympic Games.He commented in a Channel 9 interview saying, Ive put up with being racially vilified by this federation, being discriminated against on many teams, he said of AAs decision to name the 19-year-old Solomon ahead of him for the one-lap race. You think I waste my time running at training for fun? For this? No, they can have athletics. I dont need to do this no more. I dont think it helps the legitimacy of our sport or the selection criteria, and I think it only makes our sport look stupid.Athletics Austraila chief Dallas OBrien says John Steffensens claims of racism are regrettable but no disciplinary action will be taken against the 400m runner.Education and sport in schoolsPhysical education and sport in schools has become a key issue come to in education. Targets have been set for schools to create more time for sports. It is said that in capital schools pupils should have 7 5-90 minutes of physical education and in lower-ranking school the amount of time and range of activities can become mnore flexible.They must aim though for minimum of two hours of sport per week. According to the British presidential term Every secondary school will receive funding up to the end of the academic year in 2013 to pay for one day a week of a PE teachers time to be spent out of the classroom, encouraging greater take-up of competitive sport in primary schools and securing a fixture network for schools to increase the amount of intra- and inter-school competition. Lottery funding from Sport England will also be deployed to build a framework of competitions as part of the new School Games.Though in recent surveys, doctors found 17 per cent of boys and 16 per cent of girls between 12 and 15 are classed as either overweight or obese and nearly three quarters of children are not getting their recommended 60 minutes of daily activity. But with the recent London Olympics the number of children regularly taking part in competitive sport has gone up, a new government report shows, but its still less than half of all pupils increasing from 28% last year to 39% this year. This shows major events have had an impact on younger children but as it states there is still not enough young peole taking part and there is a many of excuses for avoiding it. Even when people apply school at the age of 18 involvement in sport drops dramatically as they have no longer sport as a complusory part of their acedemic cirriculum.The British government along with Sport England have launched their campaign Sport a habit for life this will focus mainly on the youth, facilities and physical education in schools all over the UK with the aim of increasing participation.

Social and Pychological Affects on a Rookie Police Officer

Is police wee-wee a focal pointful line of products? Is it melodyful when you atomic number 18 making over mavin hundred thousand dollars a year, as atomic number 18 some police ships incumbents? What is the home life like of a police police officer? What atomic number 18 the occupational and neighborly stresses that an officer must get by with? What dangers do officers assume with every time they put on their shield? What must they expose up in life, when they get back they want to cross the blue line? Over the next ten pages or so, I am going to tackle these beas as well as many others, while I try to portray the stresses of being a police officer. some people may n one and only(a) that even though police officers father probably the toughest job in the country, that they do non get stressed come on, and it is not brought into their home life. in time I personally feel, that if the job is too stressful, thus the officer in question may not be equal to do t he job up to his or her potential. Now, if the officer is not able to full do the job up to his or her potential, then we as citizens are not as safe and secure as we should be. Many officers move over the stress of marriage and kids, poor head for the hills hours, and poor working conditions because of the areas that they work in.They must deal with citizens who are not al representations up to code, when it comes to doing the right thing. Officers have to deal with being be telld by people who do not necessarily view them as an authority figure. All of these extenuating circumstances can winding a person, in any occupation, to become stressed, hardly a police officer has to deal with this everyday. While doing the research for this paper, I was able to find a roomy array of articles ranging from the divorce places of police officers, to the felo-de-se rate of police officers, which grew tremendously from the nineteen eighties through today.I was able to find one particular proposition article that discussed the stresses of being undercover. I was likewise fortunate enough, to have spoken with my cousins fiance, who is also an undercover officer (although Ill try not to divulge the specifics of his work). There were articles on how the danger of policing is increasing today to what it is like to actually be a virtue enforcement officer. There are people who feel that law enforcement officers are not embraced by the community, but have to admit that their t film is difficult. Laurence miller said, Police officers regularly deal with the most violent, impulsive, predatory members of order (www. aets. org/article87. html) He also went on to discuss the stress take aim of their job, and how they are more reluctant to talk to outsiders or to show weakness in anterior of their peers (www. aaets. org/article87. html). Law enforcement is a difficult field to get into. You have to make many sacrifices when you join the force. There are friends that you hav e to give up and holidays that you forget miss. You go away miss nights out with friends and possibly miss your kids birthday. A lot of people leave nice office jobs with no risk or pressure, where they work in a stress free environment.They get thr accept right into the fray, doing things they would have never imagined. They go out there and they protect us. They do the things we do not want to do. They keep our neighborhoods safe at night, they keep the drug dealers off the streets and they provide a sense of calming in our hearts when we instruct them out there doing their jobs. save, I do not think we have ever unfeignedly interpreted a look at what goes on with them. I feel that there is a lot of stress that is put on them and I am going to prove to you, that being a police officer has a lot more stress than you could have imagined.I stated that the job is so stressful on some officers that it breaks up their families. The national divorce rate is fifty percent. However, t he divorce rate for police officers is sixty to seventy five percent (Police Stress And The Effects On Family, Sgt. Corey Haines pg. 6 http//www. emich. edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff ) Sgt. Haines tells us that in a twenty to twenty five year career span, it is not particularly unusual for an officer to go through six to eight marriages (police stress and the effects on family, Sgt. Corey Haines pg. 6). Why is it that an officers marriage is torn apart when he is on the force?It is because of the level of stress that is brought upon this individual, and not discerning how to handle it. If an officer was trained to handle their stress more effectively, I do not feel that we would see such a drastic rate of divorce. By managing stress more effectively officer will have the tools necessary to be better equipped in their professional and personal embody (http//www. emich. edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff pg. 7). Sgt. Haines once again goes on to explain that officers fe el that only other officers understand their careers and problem, and that leads them into isolation from their families.He says that Too many times officers choose to dismiss their off-duty time venting their frustrations with co-workers rather than spending quality time with their spouses (http//www. emich. edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff pg. 7). Obviously this leads to the stress not only being put onto the officer, but also onto their families. It eventually gives their family the feeling that they are being pushed away, and left out of an important part of their spouses life. We know that the stress of the job can lead to these high divorce rates.The question I ask you is, how do we curve these trends in the other direction? Sgt. Haines feels that officers and supervisors should be taught more or less the symptoms and effects of job stress. proactive training helps ward off stress when officers encounter it. When an officer suffers from stress, reactive counseling and training should be available (police stress and the effects on family, Sgt. Corey Haines pg. 8). Sgt. Haines has seen that when an officer has the proper training in dealing with stress, that they are able to tackle the problem efficiently.He wrote that programs for individuals often help reduce organizational stress. When a department provides a psychologist and a chaplain, the officers see that someone at the top does understand their problems and is trying to help. ((http//www. emich. edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff pg. 8) I know that stress can not be taken out of police work, but if it is recognized by the department and dealt with in a timely manner, then I feel that it can have a lasting affect on an officers quality of life and career. It is also soundless that the job is not creating all of the stress in an officers life.I understand that there are everlastingly going to be issues at home. Fighting with the wife, getting the kids through school and everything else that comes with being a preserve and a father. The thing is, you have to be able to separate your social life, or the life you are used to, from your job. The second your tour starts you have to give one hundred percent of your attention to police work. If you are not giving all of your attention to your job, you are endangering yourself and the lives of everyone you are being paid to protect.Family stresses are not the only thing that a police officer has to deal with. While talking to my cousins fiance yesterday, and discussing with him the topic of my paper, he really opened my eyes about some things. He actually told me that when you are a civilian, you gentle of conscionable take things for granted. It is like saying ok I can go to the bar today and watch football and you will not have to worry about who is there. However when you are on the force, you have to realize who your friends are. You can not hang around with people who have a negative influence on your life.You co nstantly have to think to yourself, What kind of impact will this have on me and my career. Some friends that you may have known since you grew up may not be able to be a part of your life anymore. These are sacrifices that you have to make for your career, and they can cause a great amount of stress on you. Cops are several(predicate) from you and I. When we see cops, we see them for the most part as authority figures. We deal with them differently, as opposed to how we would deal with someone who did not have any authority. Some people say cops are never off-duty.Even when the officer is not working, there is a tendency to attack problems and take charge (www. heavy injuriousge. com/10reasons. html). Why is it, that we automatically come to since someone is a cop, that they must help? Do we not think that, hey maybe we are putting a lot of pressure on this roast? We do not realize that cops are isolated from us. The wearing of a badge, uniform and gun makes a law officer separ ate from guild. This segregation leads to many psychological effects which research shows can create negative personality traits (www. heavybadge. com/10reasons. tml). We go on to learn that just wearing the badge or a gun can cause an officer to act more aggressively toward people, and these are changes that can happen to anyone wearing a badge or uniform. However many officers suggest there is a role, or mask which they put on along with their uniform (www. heavybadge. com/10reasons. html).What they are not telling us is, that sometimes their role leaks over into their personal lives and changes the course of their relationships. Law enforcement officers work in a quasi-military, structured institution (www. eavybadge. com/10reasons. html). Now what this particular passage is talking about is the fact that, in a military type environment, the individual is not of a great concern. In this instance the individual is the officer. In these types of environments it is the goal of the collection that is paramount to success. If an officer is not performing up to standards and hinders the group performance, then they will be punished. They will de-humanize you, to make you realize you are only a valued part of a machine (www. heavybadge. com/10reasons. tml). How does that make an individual feel? Knowing that no matter what you do, you are not recognized as an individual, but only as a cog in a machine. The stress of performance can add up, knowing if you do not perform, there will be consequences. However it is not all the quasi-military style that can bring on the amounts of stress that officers deal with. What we need to realize is that the at work domain of the officers is very negative (www. heavybadge. com/10reasons. html. An officer is constantly seeing the bad part of society.Granted you do see steady-going things along the way. However it is the job of the police officer to find the bad, and deal with it. Is it always fun to work in Bensonhurst, Brookl yn and see these teenagers, who have their whole lives ahead of them, going down the wrong path? Is it not stressful to know that all these kids need is a little bit of education, and guidance in their lives. I feel it is more stressful on the officers in todays world, when it seems like every time you read the unsandedspaper, you see a random person getting hit with a stray smoke shot by a teen.These could be your kids, and you never really know what is going on when you are on the job. It is extremely stressful when you have to deal with kids, going down the wrong path constantly. Officer Dan Goldfarb gave a speech to union delegates and defined stress as that feeling and desire along with the prove bodily effects, experienced by a person who has a strong and true longing to choke the living shit out of someone who urgently deserves it, but you can not (www. heavybadge. com/efstress. html. ) What officer Goldfarb is trying to ortray in his speech is that an officer has to show a tremendous amount of restraint. He says police work by its nature calls for an incredible amount of restraint (www. heavybadge. com/efstress. html. ) The demand on officers to show greater restraint has grown over the years, and with that so has the stress level on the job. Between nineteen thirty four and nineteen sixty, police self-destruction rates were half that of the general population. Between nineteen eighty to the present, suicide rates in some departments have doubled. (www. heavybadge. com/efstress. html. Why has the suicide rate jumped to this rather high figure? Well according to officer Goldfarb, it is because you can not choke them anymore (www. heavybadge. com/efstress. html. ) What he is portraying is that street justice is all but gone. Everyone has video cameras and the media just loves to put officers down. Politicians continue to pander to the public with new laws and restrictions for police officers that further tie their hands (www. heavybadge. com/efstress . html. ) Why is it that politicians are always so eager to get involved in police matters?Well for one it has to do with public appeal. If a politician is not doing anything good, and he needs to save face, what is the best way to do it? Get on top of law enforcement. There are some people who do not like law enforcement. It is like always having a way out. No matter how bad you are at your job, you can always go the route of law enforcement. However there are some politicians who use law enforcement to further their own agenda. I am not going to mention names but in my opinion the reverend Al Sharpton tends to do this a lot. Let me ask you this, do we ever really hear from good old Al?Nope, Only when there has been an altercation involving African Americans and usually the police, does Al come out of the wood works to spew his hatred of the New York Police Department to national television. If it was not for the police officers doing their jobs, then poor Mr. Sharpton would never have a reason to come out. Politicians are not the last people to stress out the police. Leah Cook, a student at San Jose State University wrote in the media, it seemed that police officers were rarely praised, but rather criticized or harassed for overstepping civil rights boundaries. www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03-04. html)She was telling us how news reports (once again the media) are quick to accuse police officers for brutality. However the police departments have set policies and procedures to ensure officer safety, even if it means physically restraining an unruly citizen. (www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03-04. html). What we need to understand is that with varying degrees of conduct, it should be understood that law enforcement will receive mixed reviews. one day officers are being publicized as heroes, like the praise they received after phratry eleventh, while on the next, they are portrayed as racist, brutal, and authoritarian (www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03 -04. html). I feel that it adds a tremendous amount of stress when you are doing a job that does not have constant public support. It adds to their stress level because there is a negative and disrespectful image of law enforcement officers in our society (www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03-04. html). I just do not understand why we have such a low level of respect for our police officers.Maybe it is because of the bullion that Nassau and Suffolk police make. Although we can not really make that argument for the New York Police Department, because as we all know they are grossly underpaid for the job that they do. A lot of times the stress of a police officer is brought upon them at the Police Academy. Leah states that while in the academy, training officers constantly remind the recruits that they are personally liable for their actions once they are out on the field (www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03-04. html) . They are told stories of how cops are sued, became alcoholics, dr uggies, wife beaters and even worse committed suicide (www. focusanthro. org/essays/cook03-04. html). The trainers are basically not selling the job well, and sending new officers out there with low morale. I think it is a good thing that the trainers are telling new recruits how it really is. However if it is going to hinder the morale of your newest officers, then maybe there is a better way to get the message across. I do not know if I would feel comfortable in a new situation, with all that is being thrown and twisted at me, to be told of these other officers.I would personally find it extremely stressful to know that this could happen to me. It is like they are adding the first layer of stress, when there is just going to be tons more thrown at them, the second they hit the streets. Knowing what we now know, I feel I was successfully able to articulate the stresses of police work. It can be hard for some officers to be out on the street dealing with criminals every night. It is tough on your marriage, when you are working shifts that make it hard to see your family. It is stressful when your marriage falls apart.Some officers will slip into that state of alcoholism, some will become druggies. We will always have that threat of an officer committing suicide. However for the officers that are out there, who love their jobs, I think that stress is more than manageable. We have to know that we can go home at night, and speak with our spouse. Do not shut them out of your lives. Be open about the way you are feeling, and speak when you feel things are getting to be too much. Someone will always be there for you. We just need you to open the door.

Iiillegal Logging

According to Filipino officials, rampant illegal logging and mining were likely a part of the cause for the graduate(prenominal) casualty count from Category 5 Typhoon Bopha (Pablo), especially in the Compostela Valley where government officials had warned people to stop the illegal activities. So far, 370 people have been found dead on the island of Mindanao with another 400 missing. Waters rose so high even emergency shelters were inundated. If you abuse character, nature will get back at us, Benito Ramos, executive director of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), said. This is due to decades of mining and logging. Our forests are already deluded and there are tunnels left by small-time miners. Illegal logging and mining has stripped many hillsides bare in Mindanao, which has forest cover of save 10 percent. Deforestation means gaudy floods flow unimpeded, leading to cataclysmic land and mud slides that can bury wholly towns. The water was as high as a coconut tree, a local farmer, Joseph Requinto, told the Associated Press. All the bamboo trees, even the big ones, were all mowed down. Unfortunately these tragic environmental disasters are becoming a recurring theme in the Philippines, less than a year Typhoon Sendong killed over 1,200 people on the same island. The extensive destruction wrought by this dowhich impacted over 300,000 peoplewas also blamed at least partly on illegal logging. Logging has banned throughout the Philippines since February of 2011 in drift to avert disasters such as this, but illegal logging remains a rampant problem. Yet, while illegal logging and mining certainly worsened the death toll of Typhoon Bopha, there may another component to the storms wrath climate deviate.Warmer world may equal worse typhoons, hurricanes Climate multifariousness is now a clear and present danger and a national security concern for our country, Filipino Senator, Loren Legarda, said last year after the crushing Typh oon Sendong. Scientists continue to debate the connection between climate change and hurricanes and typhoons (both names for tropical cyclones). However a general consensus is emerging that while climate change may not increase the total number of hurricanes, it is likely increasing the extremely intense ones, much like Hurricane Sandy that struck the U.S. East glide a little over a month ago. Climate change is intensifying tropical cyclones in a number of ways rising sea levels create worsening storm surges, while a warmer atmosphere draws in more water from the oceans leading to increased precipitation, worsening the chance for flash floods such as those spawned by Bopha. In addition, unseasonably warms seas may be extending both the tropical cyclone season and its geographical reach Typhoon Bopha hit a vicinity of Mindano that has never been hit by such extreme cyclones. It also hit late in the season. We have never had a typhoon like Bopha, which has wreaked havoc in a part o f the country that has never seen a storm like this in half a century. And heartbreaking tragedies like this is not unique to the Philippines, because the consentient world, especially developing countries struggling to address poverty and achieve social and human development, confront these same realities, Naderev Sano, climate negotiator for the Philippines, said today in an impassioned speech at the 18th UN Climate Summit in capital of Qatar, Qatar, which has been crawling along the last two week.Sano pointed to the disaster as more secern to move aggressively on climate change at a conference where observers say little progress is being made. I appeal to the whole world, Sano continued. I appeal to leaders from all over the world, to open our eyes to the stark reality that we face. I appeal to ministers. The outcome of our work is not about(predicate) what our political masters want. It is about what is demanded of us by 7 billion people. I appeal to all, please, no more dela ys, no more excuses.Please, let Doha be remembered as the place where we found the political will to turn things around. Anti-poverty and environmental NGOs are largely pointing the finger at wealthy countriesespecially the U. S. , Canada, and new-sprung(prenominal) Zealandfor failing to raise their pledges on emissions cuts and providing little information on where climate financing will come from. The host nation, Qatar, has also come under obtuse criticism for bringing little to the table, even though it is the worlds largest greenhouse gas emitter per capita.