A debate over ABC Family Values

The article is based on the analysis of a Walt Disney Company owned ABC TV series;     Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Secret Life of the American Teenager† and attempts to relate its scenes and theme to the present day common teenage sexual encounters and early pregnancies. The authors attempt to question the shift to   programs   that are sex based by the ABC TV given that   Disney   not only has themes, in their view, are out of place on a channel with But â€Å"Secret Life† has the word â€Å"family† in its name but also has   a chaste image (James & Chmielewsk, 2009). By venturing into teenage sex series, Disney which presumably ought to promote family values and fight sex before marriage, appears to have undergone a kind of revolution.The series reportedly show playing on bed, a father enquiring about daughters’ sex life and revelation about a father molesting his son. ABC Family also plans to show a comedy about a young woman rejected by a boyfriend after h aving his baby, keeping in mind that its programs are known to advance youth innocence (James & Chmielewsk, 2009).In a rejoinder however, the Disney-ABC Television Group argues that they are just being genuine and responsive to the life experiences of their audiences in attempt to mirror what is happening in the society (James & Chmielewsk, 2009). However, this comment has generated concern about the paradigm shift from the â€Å"family programming,† to contemporary series despite a sensible reason to appeal to the younger viewers; a situation necessitated by research findings.I think that the â€Å"Sex Lives of the American Teenager† a timely series by ABC owing to the increasing cases of teenage sexual experiences, early pregnancies and child molestation. These, are social ills which contravene Disney’s family values hence the series serve to educate the public. At the same time, ABC has ensured that each episode ends with an advisory that encourages parents a nd children to talk before it's too late, an idea which I believe illustrates the very message that the explicit teenage scenes tend to depict.Reference:James & Chmielewsk. (2009, February 1).A Debate over ABC Family Values. Retrieved February 4, 2009.Available Online:

Book Report †Middle School Series Essay

Rafe Khatchadorian has enough issues around his family life, without throwing his first year of middle school into the mix. Luckily, he’s got an incredible plan for the best year ever, if only he can pull it off. With his best friend Leonardo the Silent awarding him points, Rafe tries to break every rule in his school’s Code of Conduct. Having gum in class scores him 5,000 points, running through the hallways, another 10,000 points and pulling the fire alarm, 50,000 points! But not everyone thinks that Rafe’s game is a good idea, especially the teachers, parents and other students at the school, so he’ll have to decide if winning is all that matters, or if he’s finally ready to face the rules, bullies, and truths he’s been avoiding. http://www.jamespatterson.com/books_middleSchool.php#.UWY9FFdstN4 Middle School the Worst Years of My Life is written by James Patterson and is a realistic fiction book that takes you through the journey of Rafe’s first year at middle school, dealing with the awkwardness of crushes, bullies, and family issues as he tries to break every rule in the school’s Code of Conduct. The book features many different pictures that tell you what’s going on as well, and is considered a graphic novel. Middle School the Worst Years of my Life received a critical acclaim from the most reviewers, it won the YALSA 2012’s Top Ten Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Readers award and James Patterson got nominated for the Children’s Book Council’s Author of the Year award. James has written well over 50 books, a lot of them being in series, and has won many awards. Middle School the Worst Years of My Life is the first book in the Middle School series. The setting of the Middle School series is in middle school. There is no specific day or time that this book is set in, other than it being during middle school. A lot of the time the rules that are broken are broken within the school timing, but there are one or two rules that get broken out of school times. I think the setting has been chosen well, and believed it suited the book well. The novel starts with Rafe entering sixth grade at Hills Village Middle School. Beginning the new school year with a negative mindset means that Rafe starts the year bored and believes that ‘it was a prison Pilgrims back then, but not too much has changed. Now it’s a prison for sixth, seventh and eighth graders.’ Rafe quickly understands that he will be stuck in middle school for 3 years, and invents â€Å"Operation R.A.F.E.† with his best friend Leonardo the Silent. The plan was to break every single rule in the schools handbook. He also has to put up with the issues in his home life. His mum is always working double shifts at a diner and never gets time with her children, Rafe, and Rafe’s younger sister, Georgia. He has a verbally abusive stepfather (Bear) who looks after him when his mother is away. Then, there’s Jeanne Galletta, who Rafe is madly in love with. Jeanne is a doubtful of Rafe’s plan and wishes he would spend more time on school work then his games. Operation R.A.F.E’s consequences consists of many detentions with his English teacher, Ms. Donatello. This creates tension between Rafe’s family, and after having a fight with Bear about Leonardo and how he is a bad influence on Rafe, we discover that Leonardo is Rafe’s imaginary friend. Rafe’s actions eventually lead to bad grades, getting himself suspended, and then forced to be tutored by Jeanne, whom he had been trying to avoid because she doesn‘t like him. While the tension in the family gets stronger, Bear throws Rafe’s mother to the ground and moves out, Rafe gets expelled for spraying graffiti on the school walls, but Ms. Donatello see’s the potential artist within him and comes up with the idea to send him to art school. The final part of the book reveals that Leonardo is Rafe’s dead twin brother. An exciting part of the novel is when Rafe graffiti’s the school wall at four in the morning. ‘The next morning, I left a note for Mom saying that I had to go to school extra early to work on a project, which was basically true. I just left out the part about how early meant four in the morning and project meant highly illegal activity. â€Å"You’re not going to regret this,† Leo kept telling me. The way he saw it, the whole point of Operation R.A.F.E. was about breaking rules, so why should I let a little thing like losing the game stop me from doing the part I’d been looking forward to the most? Like I said before – genius†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I unpacked my new flat black marker, a big old camping flashlight, and some of my latest practice sketches. I’d drawn these ones on graph paper, which is kind of like a brick wall, to show me how big everything would need to be. But Leo was feeling impatient, â€Å"You don’t need those anymore,† he said. â€Å"The clock’s ticking. Stop thinking so much and just go.† So I did. I set up the flashlight on a rock so that it was shining right at the wall. Then I picked up my marker and started. It was king of slow-moving at the beginning. I wasn’t sure what to draw first, or what order to do things in. But the more I kept going, the more I got into it, and then somewhere along the way everything started to flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.After a while I was running around like crazy, working over here, working over there and getting up on an old trash can to reach the higher parts when I needed to. The whole thing started to get so big that I felt like I was inside it, even while I was still drawing. It was like Leo had said – I wasn’t thinking anymore. I was just doing it, like the marker was just another part of me, and the lines and shapes and pictures were coming right out of my hand.’ After a while, the police show up, and are surprised that a kid had done all that work, but then again, it was illegal, so into the cop car went Rafe and Leo. I like this part of the novel because I felt as if I was in the actual scene. It was as if I was Leo and I was scared we’d get caught. This scene, although it’s short, it was intense. You didn’t want Rafe to get caught, but you wanted to know what would have happened when he got caught. I just believe that the way this chapter/scene has been written makes it believable and makes you feel like you’re there. The style of this novel is average pace. The novel begins out very slowly, and it doesn’t have much meaning, but once the novel gets a fair way into it, the drama begins, and the pace slowly picks up. At the end of the novel, things get more intense and more happens in a shorter amount of time, and by the end of the novel, so much has happened, that it takes a while to comprehend what has happened, but you realise that James wrote it that way for a reason, and to me, that reason was so that he could have a short book, that had a lot in it, and might eventually be able to make a movie, much like the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies. The Worst Years of my Life uses a lot of slang humour, but not so much that it’s over powering, it’s just enough that it creates the characteristics of the book. A genre is the category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. There are several genre’s the feature in this novel, some more than others. The genres that feature heavily in Middle School the Worst Years of My Life are: Comedy Humour Drama The genre that is featured in the book, but not as heavily is romance. Have you ever had a crush on someone and had them not like you back? Romance is a feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love. Rafe Khatchadorian discovers his feelings for Jeanne Galletta on one of his first days at school. They were all sitting in the school gym and she was one of the candidates for the student council representatives and part way through or speech, she offers to buy Rafe fries later that day, and that’s when he knew he liked her. Towards the end of the novel, Rafe’s grades start to go downhill and the school as well as his Mum think it’s a good idea to get some extra help. Little did Rafe know that his dream girl Jeanne was going to be his tutor. Even though Rafe is a teenage boy who likes girls, middle school would not be any good without a sense of humor or a comedian mixed into the scene. The biggest class clown in the school is here, and his name? Rafe Khatchadorian. A class clown is the funniest person in the class who often gets in trouble. Rafe’s first year at middle school is spent trouble making and trying to make people laugh, but not everyone thinks that his plan to break every rule in the Code of Conduct. Miller the Killer was the school bully, and his new prey is Rafe. Throughout Rafe’s middle school year, he comes into conflict with Miller many times. The biggest thing that happens to Rafe because of Miller the Killer is when he discovers Rafe’s notebook with all the Operation R.A.F.E. (Rules Aren’t For Everyone) and makes Rafe buy each page back off of him for a dollar a page, but Rafe discovers Miller’s plan with the notebook early on, and it isn’t pretty. Miller the Killer enjoys making Rafe’s first year at middle school hell, but Rafe enjoys the humorous side of school. School is tough on everyone, so what’s the best way to get through? Have fun! And that’s what Rafe intends to do by breaking all the rules in the Code of Conduct and earning himself points. The catch is, he only gets given three lives, and if he breaks all three, the games over. All the seriousness aside, Rafe gives himself, and Leo a good laugh. The funniest scene in the book to me was when Rafe decides to break the schools dress code, and he was given the best chance to do this with Halloween just around the corner. Leo knew that it would only be a matter of time before Rafe was caught by a teacher, so Leo was giving him 10,000 points for every 50 yards of the school he covered in his costume. Rafe ran, as fast as he could in all black, with a pocket full of Cheerios as throwing stars, and nunchucks made from paper towel roles with rope knotted at either end. Yep, you guessed it. Rafe was a ninja. ‘I came tearing out of that bathroom at full speed and just kept running – through the first floor (10,000!), up the stairs (10,000!), down the second floor hall past all the lockers (10,000!), throwing Cheerios and swinging my nunchucks like crazy.’ Right before he got caught, Miller the Killer was right in his aim. ‘I made sure my mask was pulled down tight over my face. Then I took a big windup as I went by, and beaned him upside the head with one of the chucks (10,000!). â€Å"What the – ?† Miller turned the wrong way, just as I passed him. By the time he’d figured out where I came from and where I was headed, I’d already left him in the dust. He was twice as big as me, but I was twice as fast. Eat it, Miller!’ And then it happened. Caught right in the act. Yep, a teacher saw him†¦ Well, he ran into the teacher. Games over Rafe. ‘And then – splam! I ran right into Mrs. Stricker. Literally. Let’s just say, she wasn’t in the mood for wrestling.’ But Rafe had another plan and it was going to earn him double points. ‘I went into the bathroom and came out a minute later without my ninja costume, running just as fast as before. Some kids got out of my way. Some even ran in the other direction. A few of the girls screamed when I cam2 through, but I don’t think they meant it. And a few people even yelled stuff like â€Å"Go, Rafe, go!† and â€Å"Don’t let ‘em get you!† Because, like I said, I wasn’t wearing my ninja costume anymore. In fact, I wasn’t wearing much of anything at all.’ No, he wasn’t naked, but he wasn’t wearing much†¦ ‘Just sneakers, a pair of boxers, and a big old smile.’ Boy, did Rafe get in big trouble for that, but on the other hand, he did earn himself a lot of points! Rafe loves making people laugh, and I believe that the reason he does it isn’t for other people, but he does it to make himself feel good. I belie ve that the main theme in this novel is coming of age and growing up into a better person in a way. To me, I think this means that by using the resources that are around you (family, friends etc.) to become the person you are supposed to be. For Rafe, this is trying to get over his prank, funny, humorous stage, and into the more serious schooling stage. This can be hard for some people, especially when they don’t get along with their family, and when their only friend is in their imagination, but by the end of the book, Rafe has realised that even though he isn’t academically smart, he does have a gift with art, which sees him going to art school. Love is also in the novel, as Rafe discovers Jeanne Galletta, but it doesn’t impact on the story as much as growing up does. The main characters in the book are: Rafael (Rafe) Khatchadorian – Rafe is the trouble maker in the story who is in his first year at Hills Village Middle School. Rafe is important because without him, there is no story. I like this character because he makes the book fun. Even though he isn’t an actual person, this character has a funny personality and a childish sense of humour. I believe that James Patterson has described this character well. Georgia Khatchadorian – Georgia is Rafe’s annoying little sister who likes to be in everyone’s business and know what’s going on in Rafe’s life, especially when he is in trouble. She is also the family tattletale and always dobs Rafe in when she catches him doing something wrong. Even though Georgia annoys Rafe a lot, he also protects her, which is like all siblings love-hate relationships. I like her because I think I can relate to her because I am the younger sister in my family, and I like to annoy my older brother, but I also know that he will always be there for me. I think that Georgia is a main character in this story because she is a part of Rafe’s home issues because she never leaves him alone and always wants to know what’s going on in his life. Carl AKA Bear – Bear is Georgia and Rafe’s, abusive, rude, obese stepdad who can be found on the couch. Bear is often yelling at Rafe after school. He also argues with Mrs. Khatchadorian, Rafe and Georgia’s mum, and one argument let Bear to accidently push her down the front steps, and when the police show up, it doesn’t look good for Carl. I don’t like him at all! He’s so rude and obnoxious, and I would hate to have a step parent as bad as him. Leonardo (Leo) the Silent – Leo is Rafe’s best friend, who we later discover is in his imagination. We also later find out that Leo was Rafe’s twin brother who died when he was still a baby. I think that Leo is the glue that holds everything together. He helps Rafe with school, with home, and he gives him the motivation to keep going when things get tough. I really like Leo the Silent because even though he isn’t real, he is the perfect best friend. Jeanne (Jay-Gee) Galletta – Jeanne is Rafe’s crush. He is madly in love with her, but she is also the goody-two-shoes of the school, and she hates Operation R.A.F.E. I like her but I don’t. I feel like she tries too hard to be a good student, and doesn’t give herself enough freedom, which is why I don’t like her. I think that being a teenager, or getting to that stage means that you can manage school and social life, and to me, it’s like she has no social life. She’s important in the story because as we get older, we start to see people in different ways, and we start to like them, and I believe that Jeanne is important because without her, it’s not a real adolescent’s life. Ms. Donatello AKA the Dragon Lady – Ms. Donatello is Rafe’s English teacher, as well as his detention buddy. Even though she is strict and can get aggravated easily, she also has Rafe’s best interest at heart and wouldn’t help him if she didn’t believe he was better than what he shows. I like her because I have had plenty of teachers that are hard on me, but they do it because they want what’s best, and without that push, we wouldn’t grow and evolve as people. I understand why Rafe doesn’t particular like her, but teachers always want what’s best, and he will eventually see that. Miller AKA Miller the Killer – Miller is the school bully, hence the name ‘Miller the Killer.’ He is constantly giving Rafe a hard time throughout his first year at middle school, and without the school bully, school wouldn’t be school. There is always that one person that puts people down to make themselves feel good, although not a lot of bullies take kids lunch money, but hurt them mentally, or even physically. I don’t like Miller because I believe that he hurts people because he can and he needs to get disciplined. Without Miller, or a bully in the book, it wouldn’t be like school life, so I can understand why James Patterson included him in it. I’m not much of a reader, but I really enjoyed this book, and I found it easy to understand and comprehend because of the little sketches throughout the book. This book is much like the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series, and I believe it is aimed at the same kind of age group. I think that I was too old to read this novel, but I didn’t find it so easy that I could just read it in a day, but not hard enough that it took me forever to read. It was a good balance, so I would suggest it for kids 13 years old and younger, somewhere between 9 and 13. To be honest, it was a good book, but it could have been made longer so not everything happened at once towards the end. In general, it was a good read, and I would recommend it to younger kids who enjoy having a good laugh and getting into trouble.

Administrator Challenge Paper Essay

My experience in corrections is limited to only 4 years. I feel that in my time there, I learned a lot about what the custody part of corrections job consists of, not necessarily what the parole portion or the prison administration does. As a first line supervisor within the correctional system, the staff was held to somewhat of the same standards as I did young airmen in the military. They were expected to be at work on time, read their post orders daily, and maintain control of the dormitory or segregation unit in which they worked. They were given the opportunity to make decisions on their own and only to keep me informed of what they were doing. Most of the decision making came from the Warden and his staff. We had a Correctional Major and Captains as intermediate level supervisor who took the brunt of the complaints between custody and administration. There were policies and directives being disseminated constantly within the prison. At time it felt like the saying â€Å"going blind with paperwork†, having to read everything being passed down. Some of the policies had justification and some seemed to be just frivolous fodder to give administration something to do. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Another issue which was the cause of much contention within the custody ranks was the adherence to the rules or policies. One of the main culprits of many custody staff being fired or quitting was the use of tobacco within the facilities. The facility is a â€Å"tobacco free† facility. That means no tobacco for any offenders or staff members. Tobacco is an addictive drug and there were many staff members who snuck cigarettes and smokeless tobacco into the facility because of their need to have it, instead of waiting until their shift was over. This in-turn was also the cause of offenders running illegal contraband within the confines of the facility. Staff members would smuggle tobacco by the pouches into the facility as staff was rarely shaken down. This made it ideal for dishonest staff to make some extra money bringing in contraband to offenders. Once the offender had the staff member on the hook for smuggling, it was just a matter of time before the staff was caught and fi red for it. Tobacco often times was more expensive than drugs like marijuana, prescription medication, or cocaine. I feel that another of the main issues, at least within the facility I worked at, was the discord between custody and non-custody staff. Custody was in charge of all the offenders within the facilities, while non-custody had interactions with offenders, their main job was to teach in most cases. Many were college or high school teachers, facility supervisors over the industrial areas, and nursing staff or administration. These non-staff positions often tried to tell custody staff how to do their jobs. This often caused contention between all parties and when brought to the custody supervisor, was corrected after having spoken with the non-custody supervisor. This course has opened my eyes to the administration side of Criminal Justice. Prior to this course, I had no idea about how budgeting or the financial aspect of Criminal Justice actually worked. This topic is one which I am glad to have studied. I may not get to the administrative level of whatever Criminal Justice profession I choose, but having some knowledge of how it works will definitely benefit me in the long run. I would encourage anyone taking Criminal Justice or pursuing a career in Criminal Justice to take this course as the material if very relevant to the job, especially those seeking positions as administration. Also, mid-level supervisors should take it as it gives them insight into what is expected of the administration when it comes to policy, budgets and financial planning for the Criminal Justice System. I wish I had taken this course just a bit later in my college studies as I had quite a few irons in the fire during this courses duration. Trying to juggle college, a fulltime job, family life, and other outside entities were definitely distractors during this course. I did not get to dedicate the time fully to the course that if deserved and my grade refle cts that.

Metropolis City Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Metropolis City Report - Essay Example All these come with occupational health and safety challenges. This article will explore the occupational health and safety challenges faced by rapidly developing cities with similar to Metropolis’ and explain a hazard and risk assessment plan that would enable these cities prepare for the public health risks that come with the exposure to environmental chemicals. Land contamination involves a wide array of conditions defined in the Environmental Protection Act (Environment Agency, 2010). The UK has had a long and varied industrial history and some of the industries that have been active at one time or the other being viewed as potential land pollutants. Much of the UK’s industrial activity, especially in the heavy industry sectors of iron and steel manufacture, chemical production and coal extraction took place before the modern systems of environmental pollution controls had been put in place. It was not until 1990 that the UK enacted a law to control land contamination (Hester et al., 2001). Metropolis faced several hazards resulting from land pollution from its former textile, coal and steel industries. Most of the land pollution that arose from the textile industry was as a result of the numerous chemical processes that raw materials pass through before turning into fabric. The textile industry processes such as dyeing, bleaching, printing, mercerization, scouring, sizing and washing require large volumes of water and result in equally large amounts of waste water which when released into the environment can cause land pollution (Darby, 1973). The waste water can not only contaminate ground water but can also interfere with the surrounding aquatic ecosystem. The waste generated from textile industries can be broadly categorized into four groups namely the toxic or hazardous wastes, high volume wastes, dispersible wastes and the difficult to treat wastes. The difficult to treat wastes are

Westar beverage Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Westar beverage - Statistics Project Example alysis corresponds to the hotel’s monthly sales for both pub and nightclub, sales for the club, sales for the pub, total expenditure for the hotel, expenditure for the nightclub, expenditure for the pub, and room occupancy in the hotel. Using excel, regression analysis generates the following tables with coefficients. From the regression statistics, the high value of adjusted R square indicates that the regression model explains a high percentage of the considered data, more than 95 %. The model can therefore be used to predict beverage sales. The lower significance value from the ANOVA table, 0 relative to 0.05, also indicates that there exist significant relationship between beverage sales and the other variables. Further, the table of coefficients confirms that significant relationship exists between beverage sales and sales for the pub and sales for the nightclub. The hotel’s volume of sales equally depends on its two branches, pub, and club. Research into forecasting should therefore be diversified to investigate factors affecting sales in the two branches of the

How the standards for ascertaining the truth differ between the new Essay

How the standards for ascertaining the truth differ between the new scientific views of the world and traditional medieval views - Essay Example How the standards for ascertaining the â€Å"truth† differ between the new scientific views of the world and traditional medieval views? Scientists often came up with different facts, conclusions and theories but when this happens, the process of science helps in resolving these differences. Science is therefore viewed as valuable as the scientific methods and the scientific community can resolve any differences and come to a generally accepted conclusion because the overarching commitment of science is to â€Å"the truth† about the natural world. The medieval view of the world is based on old traditions and religious doctrines. Traditions defined people and their culture while religious doctrines defined the way people lived in the society. Christians sought to integrate traditions with religion and the result was one God, one church and one truth. These doctrines and traditions explained the world (Barret 12-13). All scientists are involved in the same enterprise of trying to explain how the world works. They believe in the scientific process of observation, experimentation and the development and evaluation of explanatory theories. The new scientific view seeks the absolute truth through scientific processes of observation and experimentation. It believes in the existence of fixed and unalterable facts and these can only be reached after detailed scientific investigation. The medieval standards adapted the truth to match their predetermined views. To them truth was based on tradition and religious views that defined what was true.

Federalist paper declaration of independence Essay

Federalist paper declaration of independence - Essay Example s not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state†. Madison is expressing in this last paragraph the dilemma between majority and minority protection. Too much majority protection, and the society is like an anarchy: The strong form coalitions and rule by force, using the state as a narrowly-concealed bludgeon. But with too much protection for the weak, it is inevitable that â€Å"hereditary or self-appointed authority† take over, and a â€Å"will... independent of society itself† characterized by a social elite will dominate, which is even worse than the majority tyranny leading to the odious state of anarchy. Madison then argues that Rhode Island, without reform in the manner prescribed by the Federalist Papers and the eventual Constitution, is an example of this risk of majority tyranny. â€Å"[I]f the State of Rhode Island was separated from the Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities that some power altogether independent of the people would soon be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had proved the necessity of it†. Thus, Madison is proposing that Rhode Islands governmental form be used as an example to stray away from, lest the Constitution lead to the same risk of anarchy or majority tyranny. The â€Å"will independent of society†, of course, is the risk of going too far away from the pole of majority power, represented by Rhode Island, and towards a regime more like an authoritarian or monarchic one. The whole objective of the Federalist Papers was to craft another solution, a different way of going between the horns of the dilemma: â€Å"[B]y comprehending in the society so

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case - Term Paper Example He is also known for his world record breaking run in the USC sprint relay quartet at the NCAA track championships in Provo, Utah. In 1968, he won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Walter Camp Award. He also holds the record for the Heisman's largest margin of victory. Being American Football League's Buffalo Bills' first overall pick in the 1969 Common Draft, he was also the first professional football player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He also holds the record for the highest yards-per-game average in a single season. He was a great figure in the world of sports and is idolized by many sportsmen. He was also inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. O.J Simpson also starred in some movies. His career ranges from dramatic to comedic movies. His dramatic movies include The Cassandra Crossing, Capricorn One, The Klansman and The Towering Inferno. His comedy movies include The Naked Gun Trilogy and Back to the Beach. He had a good career in movies a nd had a successful run in acting in ads one of which was about a comic book. He quickly sprang up to status of a celebrity with a huge following. He started his own film production company called Orenthal Productions in 1979. NBC was considering airing his series called Frogmen but the project was cancelled when he was arrested for murder. Known mostly due to his career in professional football and being a respected commentator, everything related to O.J Simpson was of public interest. On June 13, 1994, O.J Simpson’s ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. O.J Simpson immediately became the prime suspect of the crime due to some evidence that included a 911 call made by Nicole Brown on January 1, 1989 in which she informed the police that O.J Simpson would hurt her physically. Simpson could be heard yelling in the background of that call. The two were di vorced 2 years prior to the murders. Simpson was not located immediately after the incident. There were speculations that he might have committed suicide after a letter by him was presented by his friend, Robert Kardashian, who was also one of his defense lawyers. He was, however, spotted later when one of his friends was being pursued. A low-speed chase ensued as Simpson threatened to commit suicide. 8 hours later, the chase ended and Simpson agreed to surrender to the police. He was allowed to speak to his mother before his arrest. He spent one hour with her. (F. Lee Bailey & Jean Rabe, 2008) On June 20, 1994, Simpson pleaded not guilty to both murders when he was arraigned. The grand jury that was called initially to determine whether to indict Simpson for murders was dismissed on June 23 as there were qualms about the attainment of an unbiased result. Media had excessive coverage regarding this case and it was suspected that the initial jury might lose its objectivity. Jill Shiv ely and Jose Camacho testified in the court with Jill saying that she saw Simpson’s car in the vicinity of the place of incident and Jose identifying the fact that he sold a knife to Simpson which was quite similar to the one that was used in the murders. They sold their stories to newspapers and were not presented in the court as witnesses afterwards. (L. Jones, Thomas, n.d) On July 7, it was ruled that Simpson was to be brought to trial

Reading responds Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading responds - Article Example Pentagon capitalism’s importance is paramount, since no other force other than military helped define and change the course of the technological history. The times in 1890s can be envisaged without the presence of much technological inventions in empires, but the importance of Pentagon capitalism is so much that we can not imagine the era of 1990s without nuclear weapons, other military related technologies used in warfare and also the internet. It was the military who launched the rockets, the satellites which ran the space programs (Misa, pg 190). Scientific mass-labor refers to the large number of people needed to synthesize and patent new dyes in the German Chemical industry resulting in taking in many scientists in the industry. Scientists went to universities and made discoveries in the laboratories contributing to the rise of Germany during the second Industrial revolution. Examples include Hoffman leaving London for University of Berlin and Caro leaving from Manchester to work with Bunsen in Heidelberg, Adolf Baeyer researching into natural products like indigo in Gewerbe Institute in Berlin, setting up of Hoechst dyeworks, commencement of alizarin factory. German’s were able to dominate and leave behind British people in the race of this second industrial revolution because they had a deeper understanding of the basics of science. Their works, researches and discoveries resulted in improvement of technologies which ultimately led them to rule over the world market. It led to the stabilization of innovation of te chnology (Science and Systems 2014). During the Second World War, two atomic bombs were being developed. Uranium- 235 was the most essential raw material for the Manhattan Project. It was utilized as fuel for reactors and its enriched form was used in the atomic bomb. The Gun-type fission atomic

My Genre-ation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Genre-ation - Research Paper Example Music is utilized to narrate the story. The theme may be about love, hate, life, death, or the essence of being good and bad. Thus, the theme of operas is mostly concentrated on the depiction of the human condition in a society. These are universal themes that connect with the audience. One of the famous opera composers in this period is Guiseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi -- an Italian composer. The most famous in his work is the La Traviata, which was translated as the Fallen Woman or literally, the women who strayed. Its popularity is remembered because of the ridicule it received before the audience, which thinks that the actor’s voices do not fit with their roles. However, it is considered as a successful opera of Verdi because it was based on the true story (Kapilow). The audience appreciates his composition because the operas are focused on the human drama, which is intense, emotional, honest, and melodious. The opera composition of Verdi is still used in today’s era because of its universal theme that everyone can relate. According to Kapilow, the reason for the great master piece of Verdi was his direct involvement during the pre-production, production, and post production. The actors were encouraged to feel the emotion in the drama and then l isten to the intensity of music because Verdi believes that words and drama are learned first so that music will come naturally. La Traviata is sourced from the play of Alexander Dumas entitled The Lady of the Camellias (Verdi, Piave, and Dumas). The genre is chosen because of its effect to the audience. In most cases, compositions in the opera significantly reflect the characters of human beings, which differentiate the good from evil. Moreover, opera teaches a lesson in life, the choices made by a person, sacrifices for the sake of someone you love, and history that allows the audience to understand and reflect on the information taught. I have already identified the

Comparative Study of US Dollar and Euro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Study of US Dollar and Euro - Essay Example Apart from its superior position in markets around the world US Dollar seems as more prepared, compared to other currencies, to face long term economic pressures. Reference is made in particular to Euro, a currency that has challenged the hegemony of US Dollar in global market. Current paper provides a comparative analysis of the two currencies. Emphasis is also given on the factors which have mostly affected the performance of these currencies, especially in regard to 2009 onwards. The financial recession of 2008 and the Euro zone debt crisis, that followed, are used as key events for the evaluation of the potentials of the two currencies in the future. In general, the US Dollar is proved to be stronger both in case of unexpected turbulences and in case of long term economic downturns. 2. US Dollar v Euro – Comparative analysis 2.1 Value of US Dollar compared to Euro The value of US Dollar towards Euro has faced important fluctuations. The turbulences in the global financial market, as related to the Euro Debt Crisis, have led to the decrease of the value of Euro, compared to US Dollar. Indeed, In January 2012 the value of Euro reached the $1.274 (Index Mundi 2012), which is rather low compared to the currency’s value in the past. For example, in January of 2011 the value of Euro was estimated at $1.3371 (Index Mundi 2012). Up to July 2012, the value of Euro towards that of US Dollar was significantly decreased a fact that was related to the continuous deterioration of the Euro Debt Crisis. In July 20 of 2012 the value of Euro reached the $1.2176 (Index Mundi 2012), a quite low level. This fact has caused severe concerns to the leaders of EU. The threat of a potential collapse of the Euro zone had appeared. In order to understand the position of Euro towards the US Dollar it would be necessary to refer to the fluctuations in the value of these currencies for the last four years, i.e. from 2009 up to 2012. In this way, it would be made clear wheth er the power of the two currencies in the global market is equal or whether one of them is at an advantageous position. During 2009 the value of Euro was decreased at a level of 20%, compared to 2008. The global financial crisis of that period has been probably the key reason for the above phenomenon. At the end of the above year the value of Euro was estimated to $1.43 (Index Mundi 2012). The year that followed, 2010, the value of Euro was further decreased; by the end of 2010 the value of Euro was fell to $1.32 (Index Mundi 2012). Again, the Euro Debt crisis, which has appeared to be more intensive in Greece, has been related to the further limitation of the value of Euro towards that of US Dollar (Index Mundi 2012). During 2011 the distance between the two currencies was further decreased. In the beginning of 2011 the Euro seemed as able to increase its power as a global currency. Indeed, the introduction of effective measures in regard to the Greece debt crisis has caused pressu res on US dollar; during the first months of 2011 the US dollar lost a 10% of its value (Index Mundi 2012). At the same time, Euro was strengthened reaching the $1.4675 by July 2011 (Index Mundi 2012). It seems that investors were, still, afraid of investing on US Dollar due to the US Debt crisis of 2008, especially since the above crisis resulted to a global recession. Moreover, it was in that period that the interest rate in the EU was increased to 1.5%, a fact that highly favored the Euro towards the

Key Practices of Performance Management Essay Example for Free

Key Practices of Performance Management Essay The requirement for effective performance management: The performance management acts as a key measure to ensure that the goals and objectives are being consistently met that too in an effective and efficient manner. The management of performance focuses on the performance of the overall enterprise, all departments, employees and even the products or services. However, it does not just stop here as with performance management companies can align their resources, systems and employees which will help them attain their objectives and priorities. The goals of performance management programs: Only when the employee and the system align with one another can they ensure the delivery of strategic and operational goals. Some skeptics argue that there exists a relation between the use of performance management programs or software with improved organizational results. When considering the public sector, the performance managers changes from negative to positive which suggests that the difference in the characteristics of the system, and the different context that they are implemented play an important role in success or failure of the performance management. Sometimes using an integrated software rather than a spreadsheet based recording system will help in delivering a significant return of investments through the range of direct and indirect sales benefits. Measuring the operational efficiency will help in unlocking the latent potential of the employees that work. The benefits will include everything from the direct financial gain to a motivated workforce to the improved management. For the financial gains, it will grow sales, stop the overrunning of projects, and align the enterprise in direct manner to the CEO’s objectives. For the motivated workforce, it simply means optimization of incentive plans that defines the objective even for the over achievement and not for just the business as usual. Lastly, in the improved management control, the employees become more flexible and open to the management needs. They also display data relationships and helps audit to comply with the legislative requirement. Lastly, the process enables careful documentation and scenario planning. Types of performance management implementation Erica Olsen noted that in many businesses, even the ones with well made plans actually failed to implement appropriate strategy. For most, the issue lay in the ineffective management of the employees even with a business plan in place. Of course, they have conducted the necessary survey and collected the data, and also ensured management retreats to decide their organizational direction, but even with an expensive software in place, their plan can fail. Most of the time, their performance management and appraisals overlap and three types have been so far identified: Long cycle performance management: Usually done on a annual or a biannual or quarterly basis, from implementing this management, this the area that has received the most attention. These techniques predate the use of computers and therefore do not need any expensive software. Short cycle management performance: This overlaps with the principles of the agile software development which is mainly done on a week, monthly or bi-weekly basis. Usually this kind is industry specific. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/human-resource-management-homework-help

The Significance Of Materials Management Construction Essay

The Significance Of Materials Management Construction Essay Materials management is a process for planning, executing and controlling field and office activities in construction. the goal of materials management is to insure that construction materials are available at their point of use when needed. the materials management system attempts to insure that the right quality and quantity of materials are appropriately selected purchased, delivered and handled on site in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost. materials management is the system for planning and controlling all of the efforts necessary to ensure that the correct quality and quantity of materials are properly specified in a timely manner, are obtained at a reasonable cost and most important element in project management. materials represent a major expense in construction, so minimizing procurement costs improves opportunities for reducing the overrall project costs. poor management can result in increased costs during construction. 2.Significance of materials management Materials management is the important guarantee of building construction quality of products or materials management is important to reduce the cost of the project hand. 3.Materials management benefits Effective plans to build and improve the system of material management master plan by filling in the gaps and production of environmentally responsible and effective results. institution campus, effective management of the office or home can expect from materials program provides a wide range of benefits. first, the long-term cost savings, as consolidation, reconfiguring, and better management of the campus core infrastructure to reduce annual operating costs. institution campuses, office or home and get the highest and best use of the campus property. materials management is an effective means of a more comprehensive approach to managing material use and emissions, solid waste, hazardous waste, recycling. request today become more environmentally friendly. Finally, effective management can improve the aesthetics of materials. remove unsafe and unsightly conditions, will create the best sight, creating a more pedestrian friendly environment, improving the living and working in the visual and physical sense. Better accountability on part of materials as well as other departments as noone can shift blame to others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢As materials management is handled by single authority, it can result in bettercoordination, as it becomes the central point for any material relatedproblems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Materials management department makes sure that better quality material issupplied timely to the requesting departments. This can result in betterperformance of the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢A materials management system is typically controlled through an informationsystem, thus, can help in taking decisions related to material in theorganization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢One indirect advantage of material management is that good quality materialdevelops the ethical and moral standard in an organization. However, pleasenote there is no study on this issue.  ·Are important for the management of the building materials materials management is to reduce construction costs and one of the main ways to control construction quality,material management methods correctly can provide high yield and high efficiency for engineering materials provide a guarantee of nature can reduce the construction cost of project on the profitability of construction enterprises play a key role.  ·Building material of construction is the basic condition is also an important part in the construction engineering management. management of building materials from ensure the quality of construction works on the basis reduce the cost of construction.  ·Good construction materials management is divided into the following main areas: A budget, materials management Storage of materials management Project closeout phase materials management When construction reached the end of the construction stage most engineering materials have been using also not neglect the management of the material. we should carefully check the remainder of the construction site of adjust according to the progress of the construction supplement the shortage of construction material,corresponding processing avoid the extra material on completion of the project a significant amount of material remaining cases reduce the handling for the second time. for engineering construction management of waste, the waste produced in can be used to gather again using. 4.Disadvantages of materials management  ·Continuous observation is required.  ·.Extra-manpower required.  ·Huge investment for good infrastructure facilities.  ·Building material category of construction site confused, and represent a significant proportion of the expenses in the cost of the project, general civil construction accounted for about 70 per cent of the total cost,materials management and accounting is good or bad, on the control of engineering cost of production, economic efficiency is good or bad, processing speed of cash flow, cash flow is of great significance such as profit and loss.Under the premise of how to ensure the quality of engineering, acquisition, use and management of various materials in a reasonable manner, to reduce the liquidity of an occupation, to reduce construction costs, it is very important.  ·Project partially decentralized purchasing patterns cause confusion for procurement of materials The material of construction enterprises Department of procurement authority to the project, although has the advantage of flexibility, but there are some problems. First, project the department of in professionals less than situation, temporary deployed non professionals engaged in material purchase management work, not only efficiency low, and difficult to guarantee material quality, more may for engineering in the use fake material, caused major engineering quality or personal accident ; second, the project the department of respectively the establishment of warehouse, their own, material difficult to spice up, will lead to management costs increase, funds working capital slow ; again, dispersed purchase shaped not scale bulk, difficult to implementation of purchase price poor, enterprise the overall economic benefits decline in. Therefore, the use of decentralized procurement model, greatly influenced the economic benefits of material procurement management, even to the entire management of construction enterprises bring a degree of confusion, resulting in material management of enterprises in a state of disorder.  ·To manually manage the difficult to adapt to the requirements of modern enterprise development At present most of the material management of construction enterprises still stuck in the manual management of the State. Materials from the library to the library to go through a number of links, manual management is not only inefficient and prone to human error. As with management to inventory information exchange between the Treasury, will easily lead to inventory backlog affect cash flow. Furthermore, a wide variety of building materials, manually will cause data summary and analysis of difficulties, and real-time, dynamic control for material difficult to achieve.  ·Materials management personnels quality should be improved At present, the quality of building materials in construction enterprise management personnel is generally not very high, most are not professionals, and some even have not received professional training, it is difficult to meet the needs of building construction enterprises. In fact, materials management on personnel requirements are very high, in addition to good ideological and political quality, compliance with national laws and regulations, and to be familiar with building materials market, flexible use of various procurement methods, have a higher contract negotiation skills and a keen market sense of smell.Question for now is a lot of people who have experience in materials management, often the theory of literacy and professional level is not high, and the lack of management capacity of the system, and students with a high level of theoretical knowledge and lack of practical experience because of insufficient experience. Good thinking, consciousness is high, the style is, bot h with theoretical knowledge and practical experience of compound talents of a serious.  ·Material management system is not sound Some of the construction of no importance to material management system of Construction Enterprise, lead to unsound system, materials management is very haphazard. There is no strict verification, head of site construction materials Request Form, granted as much as you want to. Some material led the procedure is not complete, leading to physical and Book of engineering materials, and materials management information untrue. Many can recycle and reuse of waste management, resulting in material waste. Materials bring that around, bad bad corrosion, low effective utilization, even if the materials have been stolen too little, virtually increases the total cost of the project. 5.Material management system in construction site aterial acceptance and storage systems Site Materials required by the buyer purchases back to back, acceptance of the material should be carried out.  ·Material acceptance of custodians and materials, and acceptance of material should be received by the bill of materials for acceptance into the material name, the number of a column,And carried out checks on the quality of materials for the library, acceptance than to the principle of applications to return the excess quantity,But if necessary, approved by the leadership approved the approval can be appended after the procurement procedures of storage.  ·Acceptance of materials shall be conducted in approaching the spot of materials, and the opening of the storage invoices,On storage of materials should fill in the name of the storage material specification brand of storage time information by sponsor.And should indicate the purchase order number in storage, to lead the review, as a result of the number of quality, specification discrepancies should be used in temporary storage of forms.  ·All material storage, must be strictly acceptance, to ensure its quality on the basis of the Measured quantity,According to the different material properties of objects, take points, measured, weighed, the number of parties such as the method of acceptance, the prohibition of about.  ·For bulk materials, ask for high grade materials, special materials, such as three certificates.  ·Because the number of material large packaging or as a result relations, was unable to be acceptance of the material acceptance.Can number, weight or quantity of packaging, packaging cases for the preliminary acceptance,After serious clean up after no further formal acceptance and, if necessary, after out of control in the acceptance.  ·After the material Library, when deemed necessary by the competent leadership or departments at all levels, to reinspect to the storage of materials,If it is found that does not match the storage conditions, will pursue relevant personnel responsibilities, resulting in the loss, by personnel compensation.  ·Is not capable of material, such as working capital for the library shelf material,Entry acceptance of the material must be used by warehouse management and construction team designated officer of the second joint participation in and sign the delivery note. B.Materials used and the use of any materials out of the library system of the material must be led with formalities,Material administrators should not be issued without picking process materials except for special circumstances to receive a small amount of material, but must be a replacement after the procedure. 6.Improve the quality of materials management at the scene Building materials are the most important part of the whole construction project cost, strengthening the material of construction project management, to improve the quality of the project, reducing the cost of the project will play an active role in this work for the better, you should make sure several:  ·First, choose a high-quality team of subcontracting is the first step to reduce costs. comparison of subcontracting team on the parties, on the recommendation track to pick up better quality than quality than price . labor force is site specific production operator, level of service quality will directly influence the quality of construction, in a sense concerns a projects success or failure.  ·Therefore, employers should first select in select services team who are more familiar with, pay attention to reputation, high comprehensive quality of labor force, not only the high or low prices or by virtue of the relationship as the basis for selection,to the first contact, and lack of know services team select use, to from are side two regard to its personnel constitute, and economic of, and social credibility, and business quality, and do engineering such as regard serious investigation, to the by must be relationship introduced services team also not relax investigation, by investigation to services team situation do known, as select services team based on the, to the by investigation heart still not the end of and is you want use services team, can be use trial way investigation again do decision.  ·Second, the material based on the progress of the project plan, timely adjustments to purchase plan, to balance their material length, turnaround times, using cycles, avoid redundant, blind purchase backlog, modification and just take up space, reduce losses.  ·Third, the acceptance of the good material, and rigorous testing of materials to enter the construction site, as well as the original certificate of quality documents and other relevant. to achieve the medical check, maintain a strict to eliminate poor quality material to enter the construction site.  ·To no longer use or reporting as no material in time for the time being, inventory and maintenance. while building material loss account. rental of material cleanup exit in a timely manner, thereby ensuring that minimize the rental fee. material inventory. inventory per month for access to and use of materials, to calculate the dosage, interference of the month, and ledger account balances, account should match.  ·To strengthen the management of project materials to eliminate poor quality material to enter the construction site, must be nurtured to strengthen the management of project materials to eliminate poor quality material to enter the construction site, must be nurtured high quality materials management team. only in this way in order to constantly improve the quality of materials management personnel to meet the needs of the enterprises construction production. 7.The site materials management Materials Management in construction site, as its name suggests is through the scientific method, to take appropriate measures for effective management of building construction materials at the scene.This is achieved by a management system, rely on scientific control the use of construction materials, supervision of construction quality of raw materials, ensure the quality of construction, reduce the cost of the project.In order to achieve this for administrative purposes, construction project management should be developed for the materials of construction site management system of rewards and punishments. Promote the Rational use of shoddy materials, careful reduce material waste, eliminate materials, material loss and loss prevention,reward a reasonable amount of material savings, punishing material waste, reduce project cost, and project management for the Enterprise to create the most profit.Materials Management in construction site, not just to reduce construction costs, profit margins create a maximum of one purpose.It also bears monitoring application materials quality, quantity, for construction projects based on the design requirements,Construction construction see the basis for creating the conditions and specifications. 8.The site materials management features  ·according to the construction characteristics of the production cycle, decided to elaborate materials management in construction site wide range of complex and large, liquid, surface keeping more.  ·There is a diversity of types of work and procedures for building construction, part of sudden changes,Determines the material at construction site to establish a strict management measures and measures for the Administration to ensure the smooth progress of the construction.  ·Hesitate there is a special material management in construction site, also determines its people, machinery and construction site management with different characteristics. No matter what are the characteristics of materials management in construction site, regardless of the material of construction site management methods and steps to be taken,Eventually through a number of reasonable provision, control and use of building materials to ensure progress, duration, quality of construction projects.Performance of Contract for Construction Project, completed in accordance with the quality standards for the design, laid the foundation.  ·Use of the rental of materials management Getting ready for construction work : This is the beginning of materials management at the scene, creating a good environment for materials management and provide the necessary conditions. Understanding the Progress of the project requirements and the required quantity and quality requirements of various materials. Understand how materials supply. Determine the goals of materials management, and supply department signed a supply contract. All site material layout planning. For good sites, warehouses, road facilities and related tasks such as preparing.  ·Organization and Management of construction work : This is a live material management and implementation phases of the management target Reasonable arrangement of materials approach, making acceptance of materials at the scene. Meet supply contracts, guarantee the construction needs. Master the construction schedule changes, adjust the material matching supply plan in a timely manner. Strengthening materials kept at the scene, reduce losses and waste, prevent loss. Organization of fair use.  ·End of construction phases : construction near the end, the main content of the Site Management : According to finish projects, clean up the material with. Extra for canceling the Organization. Demolition of Temporary equipment in a timely manner. Good recovery and utilization of scrap materials. For material settlement, summarizing material consumption levels and management of construction projects. 9.The new site layout  ·Thiscase where i think there are many unreasonable, so i made a correction in the following . 10.Effect of materials management Improvement of enterprises economic benefit is determined by many factors, one of the important condition is to strengthen the management of engineering materials.Only good material management, is likely to be low cost, high quality, high efficiency,This is in the construction of the importance and urgency of strengthening the management of material is located.Main problems existing in the management of material a time, in building construction, some projects are high costs, poor quality,Low cost-effectiveness, removing many reasons, poor materials are not strict management, is one of the important reasons.Problems in Engineering Materials Procurement.Because the system is not strict, individual procurement officers purchase homes fetch high prices at low prices, although there is a low price to buy the material, but poor material, do not meet the design requirements of the standard.As a result, poor workmanship,not only caused a lot of waste and damage corporate reputations.Problems in the materials in the library.Some unhealthy or feeding system of construction enterprises and some new traffic controllers poor quality, no strict enforcement of the feeding management system,For that material is neither weighed, several, or check the specifications, quality, which result in high cost, low quality.Problems in the storage and use of materials.Construction materials used are generally bulk material is more, you need to keep open.Because the system is not strict or keep personnel do not have a strong sense of responsibility, little material deterioration or the material.So in the case should have the above there is a problem. 11.Conclusion Materials management in construction site, as long as the material is required for the project, since the end of to enter the construction site to construction materials to clean the entire process of management, are in scope of material management in construction site.In short, materials management in construction site, not just to reduce construction costs, profit margins create a maximum of one purpose. it also bears monitoring application quality and quantity of materials, construction specifications for construction projects based on the design requirements, see the basis for creating the conditions and construction. Strengthening the management of construction engineering materials, it should be good training for managers : strengthening the political and professional quality training of management personnel. in management ideas, related sector personnel clear own in material cost forecast, and plan the preparation of, and purchase plan the implementation of, and material keep, and material use, and material clean up process in the basic work program, and method and responsibility ; in business quality regard, to material management workers specific business operation skills training, improve material management workers business operation ability, and regular and not regular work effect evaluation, material management workers in competition in the play the largest potential

Recall Crisis Of Toyota Motor Corporation

Recall Crisis Of Toyota Motor Corporation Enclosed is a copy of Recall Crisis of Toyota Motor Corporation. This report summarizes on the major causes of the Recall Crisis, its aftermath on the company and recommendations to help the company recover from the crisis. It describes the issues and problems which our company is facing while recalling automobiles with manufacturing defects. It also describes the customer concerns regarding their safety and future choice of Toyota for themselves. It also discusses how the crisis is posing threat on its reputation and market expansion strategies in future. This report implements some recommendations to overcome the crisis. The report presents detailed analysis of the causes of the various manufacturing defects in automobiles. Analysis helps to look deeply and elaborately into the reasons rather than only understanding their overview. The recommendations in the report emphasizes on adapting strategies which will help us to resume our brand image as one of the best regarded automobile brand in the world for quality and safety . It also included measures we need to follow to overcome the financial losses incurred during the crisis. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides detailed analysis and evaluations of the automobile recall crisis at Toyota Motor Corp Ltd during the year 2010 2011. It brings to focus the manufacturing defects which caused financial loss of around US $ 5.5 billion and setback to its brand image. Method of analysis used is secondary data research. Data was obtained from diverse sources to understand the affect of crisis in various sectors of market. The report seeks attention to the year 2009 2010, when accidents were initially reported in North America but eventually it spread to other countries in the world. The manufacturing defects caused sudden unintended acceleration making driver of the car lose the control. Initially the company considered floor mats as the only cause of the accidents but as more accidents were reported from other parts of Europe, it was understood that scenario is not as simple as it seemed and it needed detailed analysis. The major manufacturing defects identified were sticky gas pedals, floor mats and brake problems. The report has critical analysis of these key issues and problems and it explains the reasons of these defects. During the year 2009 2011 the company and its suppliers had suffered heavy monetary losses. Also Toyota is struggling to regain its brand value which has surpassed its 70 year old history. The report suggests possible measures that can be taken from immediate effect to help the company recover from the crisis. The company should setup small team to quickly research, design the fix and retest them . It should opt for software upgradation which would ensure drivers safety by forcefully shutting down the engine in the events of unpredictable manufacturing defects similar to unintended acceleration. Company also needs to have effective crisis management team and processes defined .Being a global company it is always at risk of some crisis so it should have defined process to follow during those times which would help minimise the after affects of the crisis . Also, future plans of rapid market expansion should be carefully designed in way that they secure its brand image alongside of market expansion. These recommendations if successfully implemented will be helpful to overcome the present crisis and also prepare the company to brave any future crisis. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to familiarise the Toyotas management group about the various issues which company is facing due to Recall crisis. The report is being presented to CEO of Toyota Group. The facts and figures provided in the report for recall crisis are part of secondary data information. This data is mostly the one which has been shared with public by social media since the crisis started. This report emphasises on the manufacturing defects in the top world class brands of Toyotas cars. These defects were brought into light only after many fatal accidents were reported across Europe. These sequence of events badly affected companys image and customers trust in its products. Delayed response and public interaction of made the situation worse. As the pressure mounted, in addition to the recall of millions of cars the production was stopped in the plants across the affected countries. The report also includes company background and its historical rise to be the largest company in the world. Management has been given recommendations and their corresponding implementations which will help company to get over the crisis and resume profitability. COMPANY BACKGROUND Toyota Motor Corporation is globally recognised as Automaker Market leader. In 2008 it overtook General Motors Corp to become worlds largest automaker with production of 4.8 million of cars and trucks. This is remarkable achievement for the organisation which survived Second World War and its after affects of severe economic crisis and resource scarcity. Toyotas uniquely designed management philosophy of Toyota Production System or TPS is the key contributor in its success. Toyota not only inspired the world with its innovative designs but also with its management philosophy .TPS has been adapted by many western companies. The company history is 70 years old, it was founded by Sakichi Toyoda in Japan in 1937. Toyota City, Aichi is the company headquarter, while its manufacturing business is distributed throughout the world in about 27 countries. Toyotas primary business segment is automotive design, manufacture and sales.It has also diversified in financial services and robotics segments. Initially small cars were the primary products with the first one launched in 1947 .During this time Toyota was battling with post war conditions while on the other side American companies were concentrating on manufacturing medium and large sized cars. In the following years Toyota focussed on innovation and technology and soon it started producing vehicles with conventional engine and hybrid engines. Its product line-up includes subcompact and compact cars, mini-vehicles, mid-size, luxury, sports and specialty cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles, pickup trucks, minivans, trucks and buses. Toyotas models like Toyota Prius, Camry, Corolla, Land cruisers, Lexus have established themselves as global brand image. Key Issues / Problems: In August 2009 Toyota Motor Corp had to recall 3.8 million vehicles in US after fatal accident of Lexus ES 350 was reported in South California .Initially the company reported it as a problem with ill fitting floor mats but by 2010 many more accidents were reported across US, Europe ,Canada and there were 13 separate recalls in all . During the initial investigation the company reported the cause to be incorrect installation of floor mats and announced recalling of floor mats on 4.2 million Toyota and Lexus vehicles. The company appealed customers to remove floor mats and dislodge them in trunk while the dealers were instructed to reinstall the floor mats so that they no longer interfered with gas pedals. But floor mats were not supposed to be the only manufacturing defects because in December 2009 Toyota Avalon crash was reported where floor mats were found in the trunk of car. Toyota announced the issue to be unrelated to floor mats and recalled another 2.3 million vehicles. In the next 5 days of recall announcement company had to shut down its five North American plants .This cost the company and its dealers loss in profit of $ 1.5 million every week. As the company looked into the possible causes of accidents in its products, it announced recall of many other models like Toyota Venza, Toyota Highlander and Pontiac Vibe. Vehicle Sales comparison graph 2006 -2010: Significant reduced sales from 2009-10 (Source:Toyota Annual Report ,2010,pg 36) Revenues by Market 2010: Significant reduction in revenue from North America and Europe region during 2009-10(Source:Toyota Annual Report ,2010,pg 39) The three key manufacturing defects which caused accidents due to sudden unintended acceleration in Toyota automobiles were: Accelerator pedals trapped by floor mats. Accelerator pedals with poor design problems causing them to stick. Prius brake problems. The accidents continued for next few months after the companys claim of having fixed floor- mat issues. Toyota realised the gravity of issue and in addition to recalling the vehicles of few models it was forced to shut down production of top 8 selling brands in US, Canada and Europe. The neglected responsibility by the Toyota groups leadership during the massive recall of cars tarnished its brand image. Toyota did not act responsibly towards the accidents. They considered the failure cause as just the floor mats and failed to look into other possibilities of the accidents. The alert notices were sent to the customers informing them of upcoming recall of vehicles to fix the unintended acceleration issue , but they titled the letters as No defects exist. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in US , governments arm for road safety, was investigating the fatal accident of Toyota vehicle and did not accept Toyotas approach of handling the crisis .It conducted major press release and called the companys steps as irresponsible and the floor mat cause as just a provisional step. Meanwhile media brought up some unknown facts for the public, they reported that there had been numerous complaints of unintended acceleration filed by the drivers in past decade. There were also reports of some lawsuits being settled for undisclosed amount of money. These investigations had been under NHTSA control with no reports or findings published for customers. For one of model of Toyota, Camry 2006, NHTSA had asked Toyota to look into issue which in turn Toyota delegated to its supplier. With new reporting of accidents of Toyota from 2009, NHTSA was pulled up for its soft support to the company and keeping the complaints of last 8 years under cover. Thus NHTSA came up offensively against the company while investigating the accidents happened in 2009 2010 and revealed its findings through public media. These sequence of events badly affected Toyotas reputation globally. Brand Finance worlds leading brand valuation consultancy downgraded Toyotas value from AAArating and a value of $ 12billion to A rating with value of $ 24 billion. (Cited http://blogs.motortrend.com/the-toyota-recalls-the-damage-control-finally-starts-2546.html, 3 December 2011) Future marketing and production of new innovative automobiles by Toyota Motor Corp is great concern. The company has to recover its lost trust before designing and launching new cars in market. Though the crisis was only related to Toyota, it affected the global automotive industry because it made the customers over concerned about their safety and they would no longer relate their security to brand image. The various issues and problems of Toyota Motor Corp are listed above in the report. I would like to address the key issues of the Toyotas recall crisis.These would be the manufacturing and quality defects, damage to brand image and unaccountability of the management. CRITICAL ANALYSIS In 1995 under the leadership of new president, Hiorshi Okuda, Toyota started new market expansion strategy called 2005 vision. The target was set to increase global market share from 7.3% in 1995 to 10% in decade but this was achieved in 1998 when it reached 9.7% .The target was extended to 15% in 2010. This is supported by Cole, E,R. (2011). What Really Happened to Toyota?.MIT Sloan Mnagement Review 52(4), 32. This new strategy was quite different from Toyotas traditional strategy in past decades. It focussed on providing quality product to its customers than to increase its sales and customer count. The expansion required involvement of more suppliers to provide auto parts .These new suppliers were mostly not from Japan and did not belong to companys usual supplier network. But the company was falling short of engineers who could supervise the products of new suppliers to see Toyota standards were still maintained. Toyota had over decades build strong supplier network and these suppliers were involved in product development to ensure that they are aware of quality standards Toyotas customers expected. To develop new designs contract engineers were roped in and 30% of global development work was done by them. Also design cycles were accelerated and time between exterior design approval and start of sales was compressed to less than 20 months. The new suppliers did not have opportunities to follow Toyota Way.Toyota Way is based on vision and values of Toyota like continuous improvement through innovation, respect for others and teamwork. The Product Complexity also causes quality issues and this is more common in automobile industry where demand for luxury products is growing .The automakers of luxury cars focus on continuous improvement of technology in every new product they launch. Other reasons for product complexity are stricter government regulations on emissions and fuel consumption, increased competition in the industry and high demand of comfortable luxury automobiles. Crisis Management: Organisations these days are well aware that crisis cannot be predicted and none of the companies can think of themselves to be resistant to crisis. Enron, 9/11, tsunami these provide examples of the various forms in which crisis can strike. Here comes the significance of Crisis Management Program .Ineffective handling of crisis by company severely affects its brand ,operation, finance performance and customer loyalty , in short it affects it reputation as whole. Crisis Communication is crucial part of Crisis Management Program. Absence or neglect of adequate communication during crisis leads to: Operational response breaks down Stakeholders do not get clear picture of what is happening and have confused and negative perceptions. Organisation can be perceived to be inept or criminally negligent. The slow leakage of information to customers is confusing and annoying to them and this happens when companies do not organise disclosure to their customers during crisis. Toyota Motor Corp during the recall crisis suffered huge setback on its reputation due to unorganised crisis management plan. During this time social media as part of their duty was updating the public regarding the recalls happening, models affected and risk to public safety. On the other hand Toyota was hesitant to address publicly the issues. Toyotas President , Akio Toyoda , took long time about six months to admit to its customers We are in Crisis in public apology. This delay caused major harm to companys reputation. During crisis consumers and other stakeholders like dealers ,vendors look for evidences that company is committed to resolve the issues , safeguard consumers interests and be interested to get back on track of growth .This elevates trust and confidence of stakeholders in the company . An example of effective crisis communication was noticed few years back during recall crisis of automaker Ford. 2000 cars were recalled of popular brand Explorer due to defective firestone tire which caused deadly crashes. Jacques Nasser , the then CEO of Ford communicated to his consumers directly through newspapers , TV advertisements etc. He briefed them about problem and also repeated the assurances that issue would be resolved soon .Accurate timing ,response and sincerity are vital for successful crisis management. In todays world of digital media, crisis communication needs to be spread out on all digital fronts social media, blogs and company websites. Toyota could have utilised popular social networks facebook and twitter. Thousands of its fans following on these channels could have been easily communicated by the organisation about the extent of crisis control and safety measures taken for consumers. CONCLUSION This report on Recall Crisis of Toyota Motor Corp can be summarised with key findings and their causes, followed by the recommendations and implementation plan. The findings show in the later period of year 2009 that various incidents were reported of fatal accidents in North America and Europe. These were caused basically due to either of three manufacturing errors -pedals trapped by floor mats , sticky pedals and brakes problems of Prius model. According to critical analysis of key issues in this report, there were various factors over the years which lead to manufacturing defects and ineffective crisis management. These factors had been ignored by the organisation as it focussed primarily on the vision of being leading automaker of the world. As the organisation expanded into new markets to increase its sales it did not keep up with its traditional policies also known as Toyota Way. The organisations negligence towards efficient crisis management system hampered its ability to effectively follow up on the accidents at appropriate time. The recommendations and implementation plan followed up in the report will help the organisation to recover its loses and also regain its brand image for future endeavours. RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Below are mentioned some recommendations I would like to provide, to help Toyota overcome the recall crisis, restore its brand image and recover losses by resuming its profitable production. Firstly, Toyota should find out the durable fix for sticky gas pedals for different models of its cars. Secondly, the company should preferably provide a software upgradation in its different existing models of automobiles and also the new upcoming models. Thirdly, Toyota should have functional risk management team or crisis management team. The company can also bond with other companies who provide support for crisis management. Toyota can outsource this operation to well acclaimed company. Lastly, Aggressive growth strategies should be well planned by the management. The above recommendations can be implemented in following ways: Toyota should setup small team to research and design the fixes for the issue. Team should include engineers, who have helped previously in designing various models at Toyota and the suppliers. Suppliers should work closely with the team so that they are aware of the processes to follow while designing autoparts. The company should ensure exhaustive test for the fixes before releasing it to consumer market. The software is to empower the drivers so that they have alternatives in situations of any failures in future. Some of automobile manufacturers are already using similar kind of softwares in electronic throttle bodies. Their purpose is to interrupt the flow of gasoline to engine when driver steps on pedal brakes while gas pedal is stuck. This will prevent fatality in case of similar manufacturing defects happen in future. Company can look to similar softwares already begin used by other major automakers in the world and then design / customise for their automobiles. The software upgradation is better than providing repairs for the sticky gas pedal because automobiles have thousands of components and usually the problems occurs due to interaction between different components .These are quite difficult to identify during their testing .So in case repairs are done to fix the issue by adding or removing some component parts , car will also have the upgraded software system which will allow to cut fuel supply if self intended acceleration occurs again with new repairs. It has been witnessed that most of the global historic crisis could not be predicted before its impact was actually realised. Crisis management team should include experts from all working domains of the company that is engineering, marketing, finance etc .The team members should be well trained to act decisively and quickly. Effective and timely actions are very important to recover from crisis. During the recall crisis Toyota interacted with public quite late while the social media was communicating daily with public on crisis follow up .This made the consumers doubt the company if it was really was concerned about their safety and also if company had any resolution for the crisis. While the company focuses on extensive market expansion globally and increasing production multiple times , it should also give equal importance to policies and strategies it had been following since decades. Quality and reliability were the two key things which had helped build Toyota in these many years but while it aimed to become top automaker in the world , not much importance was given to them. During the growth of an organisation its supplier chain is very crucial as its needed to join hands with new suppliers in new locations. Toyota should ensure the suppliers are familiar with its processes and standards as defined in Toyota Way.

Science Versus Faith In Memoriam A. H. H. Essay -- memoriam

The Victorian Age, named for the queen who reigned nearly the entire century, was characterized by incredible scientific progress. Charles Darwin, for example, came forth with his treatise The Origin of Species, which advanced his radical theories of evolution and survival and rocked the pillars of traditional Christian faith in humankind's superiority to the beasts of the earth. Darwin's theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest conflicted with the story of the Creation related in the Bible. Moreover, scientists now had proof that the Earth was much older than had ever been imagined before, making the history of humanity seem like a blink of the universe's eye. The Victorian population could no longer blindly accept that the world had been created in six days after geologists had proven that the world evolved into its current form over millions of years. In addition, a theory called "Higher Criticism" developed which read the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but as a historical text. In the face of these incredible and disturbing discoveries and theories, the faith of many Victorian Christians was profoundly shaken. The Victorian masses no longer had a bedrock of tradition and Biblical scripture to stand upon; it had been dashed to pieces by fossilized rocks and the skulls of apelike men. The poet laureate of the age, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the voice of the Victorian people, expresses his horror and bewilderment at the implications of these scientific discoveries in "In Memoriam A. H. H." In sections 54, 55, and 56 of this lengthy poem, Tennyson finds his belief in God weakened and his faith foundering in the face of scientific fact. Â   Â   Â   Â  In the face of evolution, geology, and natural selection, ... ...eration of evidence he cannot deny. He is wounded by God's apparent betrayal of humanity and desperate for an answer, but there is none forthcoming. It took years for the wounds inflicted by science on the faithful to heal. Some Victorians chose agnosticism as their new philosophy of God; if someone could prove to them His Existence, then they would believe. Others chose to become atheists. Atheism stated that there was no God, no afterlife, and no divine creator. While neither of these theologies was very popular during the Victorian period, they have continued to exist. The citizens like Tennyson who attempted to reconcile their old faith with their new knowledge had to find ways to blend the two together, to show that it was possible for God to work through Nature to achieve His ends. They had to gather together the dust of Earth, and with it shape a Heaven. Â  

Breast Feeding is Best Essay -- breast-feeding

Argumentative Breast is Best   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one chooses to have a child, shouldn’t he or she be obligated to do what is best for that child? There are many important choices to make for that child, and some may be more difficult than others. Hospital or home birth? Pampers or Huggies? Crib or family bed? But when it comes to feeding, the choice is clear. Breast-feeding is the best choice that mothers can make for themselves and their child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not everyone agrees that breast-feeding is the best choice. Some argue that bottle feeding is democratic and gives other members of the family a chance to feed the baby. I agree that family members need a chance to experience the thrill of nourishing the new life, but giving the child a bottle of formula is not necessary. Mother’s can express breast milk and put it into a bottle when other family members want to feed the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most new mothers are eager to get back to their pre-pregnancy weight. Some may choose to formula feed so that they can stop eating for two and maybe even diet, things which are impossible for a nursing mother. On the other hand, a women who is producing milk uses between 1,000 and 3,500 calories per day more than at other times in her life (Lim 63). With all of the extra calories burned, she may not need to diet at all to reach her desired weight (Eisenberg, Murkoff, and Hathaway 7).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A new mother may choose to bottle feed because she wants to monitor intake and make sure that her child is getting e...

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay

What microenvironmental factors affected both the first generation and second generation models of the Toyota Prius? How well has Toyota dealt with these factors? When the Prius was introduced in the US, it was quite shocking that it became such a big hit. The US auto market had been dominated by SUV’s for quite some time, and it seemed that a car that was small, slow and lacked power wouldn’t be attractive to American consumers. The advanced technology was very attractive to the â€Å"early adopters† and the consumers were willing to pay over the asking price to get a Prius. When gas prices soared so did the demand for the Prius. Toyota has dealt with these factors well. Successfully introducing a small hybrid into a market dominated by SUV’s is no small feat. Toyota’s success with the Prius is mainly due to their targeting strategy. By targeting the perfect group of consumers, sales and demand grew exponentially, and pricing has and continues to be at a premium. 2.Outline the major macroenvironmental factors – demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural – that have affected Prius sales. How well has Toyota dealt with each of these factors? Prius sales benefited from a number of macroenvironmental factors. When the Prius was first introduced, Toyota targeted the â€Å"early adopters,† a group of consumers that were interested in the advanced technology of the vehicle. Many of these owners found creative ways to modify and hack the computer system and chatted about it online. Another group of consumers that Toyota targeted were the environmentally conscious and/or consumers that desired more fuel efficiency. Both groups showed high demand for the Prius and were willing to pay premium pricing for the vehicle. Prius sales also benefited from factors such as monetary incentives offered by the federal and/or state governments in the form of tax breaks. Some states started issuing permits to hybrid owners to drive in the High Occupancy Vehicle lanes (even if there was only one person in the car), or even free parking. Furthermore, some environmentally friendly companies offered employees money towards the purchase of hybrid vehicles. In 2007-2008 gas prices skyrocketed to 3 dollars per gallon and in some states above 4 dollars per gallon which only made the demand for the Prius greater. Studies about the various hybrid vehicles on the market were published and the Prius was at the top of the list for value. Studies indicated the Prius along with the Civic were the only hybrid vehicles that allowed consumers to recover the initial investment and actually save money after five years and 75,000 miles. Overall, Toyota has dealt with these macroenvironmetal factors very well. It is evident that targeting the right demographics has really paid off. All of these macroenvironmental factors were to Toyota’s benefit. All increased the sales and demand for the Prius. The only problem Toyota was facing was keeping up with the demand. 3.Evaluate Toyota’s marketing strategy so far. What has Toyota done well? How might it improve its strategy? Toyota’s marketing strategy has been focused on forward thinking and targeting the right consumer groups. The first consumer group targeted was â€Å"early adopters† or techies that found interest in the advanced technology of the car. This was a good strategy for the introduction of the vehicle. This group showed high demand for the Prius and spread the word through online sources. The second consumer group was the environmentally conscious, and those who wanted better fuel efficiency. Toyota predicted that gas prices would increase, and when they went through the roof, sales and demand increased. I believe that Toyota has done very well with this strategy. The truth is in their sales and demand for the Prius. An improvement that Toyota could make is better production planning. It seems that so far, this has been the biggest challenge. Though Prius sales are very strong, sales would only increase with more production as long as the demand stays consistently high. 4.GM’s marketing director for new ventures, Ken Stewart, says â€Å"If you want to get a lot of hybrids on the road, you put them in vehicles that people are buying now.† This seems to summarize the U.S. automaker’s approach to hybrids. Would you agree with Mr. Stewart? Why or why not? I agree somewhat with Mr. Stewart. I think that putting hybrids into popular cars and small SUV’s would work, but it would not work with sports cars and trucks. Sports cars and trucks are generally purchased for their power, speed, and towing ability, not their fuel efficiency. The current hybrid technology would diminish the performance of sports cars and trucks, and would eliminate most of the benefits of owning either type of vehicle. On the other hand, introducing the hybrid technology in popular cars and small SUV’s would work well if the option was available at an attractive price. Improved fuel efficiency is desirable when purchasing a car as the average price per gallon of gasoline is only rising. In my opinion, they hybrid technology would be an attractive offer. Not only would it be practical, but it would save the consumer a lot of money in the long run, assuming that they keep the car for five or more years

Akamai Teknologi

Why don’t major business firms distribute their videos using P2P networks like BitTorrent? BitTorrent is a protocol that supports the practice of peer-to-peer file sharing and is used for distributing large amounts of data over the Internet. Peer-to-peer  (P2P) networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers.Emerging collaborative P2P systems are going beyond the era of peers doing similar things while sharing resources, and are looking for diverse peers that can bring in unique resources and capabilities to a virtual community thereby empowering it to engage in greater tasks beyond those that can be accomplished by individual peers, yet that are beneficial to all the peers. Major business firms distribute their videos not using P2P networks like BitTorrent Because Akamai’s service is available in all countries in the world.For example, 85% of the world’s Internet users are within a single network â€Å"ho p† of an Akamai server. Akamai has A wide range of large corporate and government clients: 1 out of every 3 global Fortune 500 companies, 90 of the top 100 online U. S. retailers, all branches of the U. S. military, all of the top Internet portals, all the major U. S. sports leagues, and so on. Akamai has over 73,000 servers on nearly 1,000 networks in 70 countries around the world. In the 2010, Akamai delivers between 15% and 30% of all Web traffic, and hundreds of billions of daily Internet interactions.Akamai’s massive server deployment and relationships with networks throughout the World enable optimal collection of geography and bandwidth-sensing information. Beside that, the Akamai it has an special way which this company is using it to make an easily download’s for the costumers such as videos, music and so on. However, Web sites that are â€Å"Akamaized† can be delivered anywhere from 4 to 10 times as fast as non-Akamaized content. P2P means the sh aring of files between users of the P2P service such as Bittorent or Bitlord. But this also means that all users are actually servers meaning that it is not easy to collect user data.Also major firms might want to use Akamai instead of P2P as it is more reliable, secure and stable. With the underlying infrastructure of the Internet major companies will most likely not benefit from P2P services. Due to the slow loading of websites companies will most likely chose for a web-streamed based content. These content are often saved on a local server and are most likely quicker distributed to their costumers. As a result, Akamai provides a highly accurate knowledge base with worldwide coverage. Customers integrate a simple program into their Web server or application server.This program communicates with the Akamai database to retrieve the very latest information. The Akamai network of servers is constantly mapping the Internet, and at the same time, each company’s software is in con tinual communication with the Akamai network. The result: data is always current. Advertisers can deliver ads based on country, region, city, market area, area code, county, zip code, connection type, and speed. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/BitTorrent http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/The_World_of_Peer-to Peer_(P2P)/Networks_and_Protocols/BitTorrent http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peer-to-peer