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Thursday, February 28, 2019

Edward II of England

Piers steatite is a major character of the play, Edward II. He is a minion of Prince Edward. He was banished by King Edward l, as his presence was proving dangerous for Prince Edward. Soon after the dead of queen regnant Edward l, he receives a letter from queen regnant Edward II ask him to come back to England. My father is deceased, come steatite, And share the officedom with thy lovema superpower line of the play) The letter shows that the mightiness has a great love for soaprock since he asks him to come to share the barondom with him. soap-rock is very smart at the conclusion of his banishment.He is excited to meet his friend overcoming every the carnal hurdles. Ah Words that make me surfeit with glamour What greater bliss fag hap to Soapstone Than live and be the favorite of a pansy Sweet prince. I come these, these thy amorous lines Might have implemented me to have swum from France. (act 1 scene 1, lines 3-7) This soliloquy of Soapstone shows us how bewail he is, to meet his friend. The dramatist reveals the kind between fairy Edward II and Soapstone. It is believed that there was a homosexual relationship between soapstone and pouf Edward.So thou wouldst smile, and imply me in thin arms. The emotional letter of king Edward the II evokes strong emotions In the heart of Soapstone. He thinks that his love for the king Is as strong as Oleanders love for Hero. He becomes so impetuous to meet the king, that he could even lay on the line his life, if he didnt have totally ship to ferry him immediately. He wants to come to England to be with his love, and not because of the city Not that I love the city, or the men, But that it harbors him that I need so dear- The king He declares that he would love king Edward II even If the whole world dislike him.Soapstone promises to bow only in the beginning the king, and not before the lordly peers. My knee shall bow to none further to the king This shows that the king holds a very specia l as rise as important position in the life of soapstone. He knows all the tastes and preferences of the king. He has a desire to give ut more or less pleasure to the king In all possible looks. All his plans show that he depart provide sensual pleasure to the king In different ways. He Informs that he will get In entertain the king by music and poetry. He arranged for Sweet speeches,COMEDIES, AND PLEASING SHOWS to delight king Edward II. Some of his actors of Italian masques would be dressed like sylvan nymphs lily-of-the-valley tree of the actors playing the roles of Satyrs who would graze on the lawns with goat feet. All this shows the deep affections of Soapstone for king Edward II. The tastes of the king are fully reflected in the plans that Soapstone makes to delight and please him. Soapstone doesnt care about what the world says and thinks about his relationship with king Edward. He wants to return from his exile as soon as possible and spend laity time with his love.Desp ite the fact that he is hated and threatened by all the nobles, he continues his relationship with king Edward II. Soapstone belongs to a minority class. He has a homosexual relationship with king Edward II which was not accepted during that time. People having a composition to man relationship were looked down upon by the society. This was the reason why king Edward had exiled Soapstone from England. Even after the return of soapstone, he was constantly threatened by the nobles and lords. He was always rejected by the society, so his life as centered around the person who loved him, that is king Edward II.Soapstone could even risk his life to be with him. Gavottes harshness and rude behavior is seen in the communication with the triplet poor men in the beginning. The prospect of being the most favored person of the king has turned his head. He has decided not to talk to the multitude of frequent persons and not to bow before the peers. parting base stooping to the lordly peers My knee shall bow to none but to the king. , He decides to act as a high profile man, and ill-treats three ordinary pack who want is help.Dismiss them, one of them, who is a soldier, curses him for treating him slightingly. He thinks that the common people are like dying sparks in the cold ashes. What he wants to say is that, the persons without entities are of no account to him, since their poverty will be of no avail. He would rather pay attention to the tress that touches his lips and fly away than to the person of insignificance. As for the multitude , that are but sparks, be up in embers of their poverty Ill fawn first on the wind That glance at my lips, and fleets away. This shows the arrogant side of Soapstone. Soapstone is also betrayed as an evil genius. He does not want to mix with the common people as they are poor. This clearly shows his evil desires and the reason for being with king Edward II. He knows how to make use of other people which we see in his (aside) Ill flatter these and make them live in hope. Soapstone wants to take advantage of his authority and his mind starts manipulating strategies to have the king in his keep so that he can do as he wishes. musicians, that with mournful of a string May draw the pliant king which way I pleaseSoapstone is cynically planning to trap the puppylike monarchs mind . When he is the fore-front suggests his cunningness and his pretence of a true friend is seen when . soapstone is extremely selfish. He exploits the knowledge of the kings knowledge. He widens the rift between the king and the queen. Soapstone has influenced the king to such an extent that the king would provide him with all the luxuries and comforts, while ignoring his kingly duties. Piers has cultivated to perfection the art of flattery and he uses it at every step while dealing with his sole patron-the king.

Women’s contemporary work

In the joined States the labor grocery is strongly segregated according to sex in that location ar distinctive manpowers and wo manpowers occupations, professions, and exertion tasks. Examples of womens room gender-non-traditional occupations be engineer, manager of a private business, technician, police officer, auto mechanic. This oeuvre reveals just about(predicate) of these hidden aspects of womens pretend. In different ways, the studies reported here point to the pervasiveness of gender as an organizing linguistic rule in the world of employment.The first goal of this paper is to identify the self-opinionated and institution tout ensembley created and rein arrayd dimensions of womens work control. The paper shows how gender affects the ways in which women ar included in the labor force, the impact of work technologies, the little terror of sexual harassment, g all overnment policy toward workers, the accessibility of labor organizations, the ability to avow c ollectively, and employed mothers attitudes toward their work lives as related to the division of labor at home.Today the majority of working(a)-age women (18-64) ar in the labor force. Single and break up women tend to accept higher(prenominal) labor force occasionnership evaluate than married or older widowed women, entirely marital consideration is having a decreasing effect on womens chances of working for redress. Although giving pedigree has tradition every last(predicate)y been a reason for women to drop out of salaried work and begin full-time home make, as the labor force participation measure for women has amplificationd, the rate for mothers of young baby birdren has amplificationd even faster.By 1983, half of tot all in all toldy mothers of two-year-olds were in the labor force, and the proportion of women working change magnitude with the age of the youngest child (Waldman 1983). Over their lifetimes, virtually all women result spend more than eld in the labor force than as child re bers. Most women, resembling most men, work as individuals for large or small companies and agencies the family go-ahead has virtually disappe ard. The last holdout, the family farm, has largely gone under in the mid-eighties farm crisis.In 1983, 93 portion of employed women were wage and stipend workers, working neither for themselves nor in family businesses, but for companies and businesses. Women workers are important to all industrial sectors. Women are more than 50 percent of the workers in retail trade finance, insurance, and real e convey and operate, particularly entertainment, health, hospitals, elementary and secondary education, welfare, and religion. scarce in agriculture, mining, and construction are women little than 20 percent of the workers. make and Hess-Biber (1984) check summarized the extensive body of research on women workers The occupations held by women are concentrated in the secondary labor market jobs charac terized by secondary yield, poor working conditions, little chance for advancement, lack of stability, and personalized employer/employee transaction conducive to arbitrary and capricious work discipline. Although there has been some throttle decline in sex segregation since 1970, the work world remain basically segregated into mens jobs and womens jobs.Even the slight decline appears slight positive when examined closely women tend to be able to enter previously manly work when those occupations are declining in power and status and males are able to acquire better jobs elsewhere. On the whole, women have been able to increase their numbers in the labor force because the occupations and industries into which they are segregated have been expanding their need for labor.The barriers to occupational change are extensive, and involve both earthly concern and private patriarchate childhood socialization of boys and girls to want different work, sexist practices of contende r counselors and employment firms, corporate personnel practices, harassment by male coworkers, failure of government to require affirmative action, reluctance of women to face the battles and hostilities that would takings from their entering nontraditional work, child care responsibilities, and the refusal or inability of husbands to pct housework and child care equally.Womens wages tend to be light than mens even within the same occupational groupings, whether these are original subspecialties or blue-collar work. On the whole, women and men do not work in the same occupations. The expansion of womens salaried work since World state of war II has been little in professional or highly paid technical work, and more in service occupations characterized by low pay and lack of promotion opportunities. In some cases the hierarchical relationship of men and women is built directly into the work structure of individuals. The relation of an executive repository to an executive is that of an office wife.In other cases the hierarchy is occupational. supply doctors, predominantly male, leave orders for hospital nurses (predominantly female) to carry out. Management of the labor force is a white male prerogative. Although low-level management positions may be filled by women, 96. 5 percent of persons making $50,000 or more in executive, administrative, or managerial positions in the 1980 census were males 94. 9 percent were white males. Among members of professional specialties making $50,000 or more, 96 percent were male and 90 percent were white males (U. S. Census Bureau 1980).The higher-level managers not hardly manage the labor force, they also set and carry out the policies and programs of business, familiar administration, education, medicine, and other arenas. Nor does government offer an antidote to disproportionate male power. In 1982, women were only 12 percent of state legislators and 6 percent of mayors in 1983 they were only 4 percent of the U . S. Congress (U. S. Census Bureau 1985). advance tracks tend to require a flow of family work mothers generally lack. mankindity in skilled and semiskilled blue-collar jobs typically depends not on outside schooling but on on-the-job training.Skilled workers much(prenominal) as electricians and plumbers are trained through apprenticeships, some(prenominal) of which require dark somaes for several years. This may contribute to the fact that women were only 7 percent of registered apprentices in 1991. Semiskilled workers learn their jobs often in training programs that flummox side in overtime. This means that women are excluded from such training because they are less potential to have a family member available to care for their children (Kemp 247). An increasing amount of control over womens daily labor is held by employers, not husbands.Husbands may willingly accept, even urge, wives to engage in less homemaking and child care in recognition that what women notify bargai n for with the bills they earn working may be more valuable than what they fecal matter produce through their inexpert labor at home. What they can demoralise depends on what goods and services companies offer in other words, what employees are paid to do. The goods and services that are produced, the conditions of the work that produces them, and the market relations under which they are offered to clients and customers are all hierarchically ordered. American society is capitalist.The increase of humans patriarchy is an increase in the power of corporate managers and the upper class. It is an increase in the power of higher-level men at the expense of the erstwhile privileges of dispirit-level men. superior men continue to have stay-at-home wives and in addition have women employees, whereas lower-level men have either no wives or working wives and are themselves employees. They obtain goods and services to the close that the decision-making elite considers the provision o f such goods and services to be in the interest of the elite, and to the extent that the mens wage levels or other statuses permit.Although the benefit is largely to the upper-level men, it is not only to them. The jobs of many working women are oriented to giving service with a smile, making life nicer for men at all levels (Hochschild 1983). Examples range from television entertainers, provided informal by advertisers to everyone with access to a television set, to airline flight attendants, provided by airlines to those who can afford to fly. It could be said that under macrocosm patriarchy, women are provided as a public good for all men.Poorer men who could neer afford homemaker wives may now receive the services of working women, albeit at a much lower level. For example, men in some public chronic care hospitals have their beds made and rooms cleaned by women workers. Womens benefit from public patriarchy depends on their economic class and their family status. Although wo mens wages are well below mens, professional womens wages are higher than unskilled womens wages. Cl archeozoic, what can be bought can be bought better by those with more income.The career woman combines freedom and income to a greater extent than other women except those with clear title to inherited wealth. Those who perceive themselves as powerless and fit mainly for motherhood will reject policies and practices committed with public patriarchy. These particulars may be less matters of income and more matters of education and class jeopardizeground. Low-income women may be better off under the programs of the welfare state than under the power of lowincome husbands. Women may get both jobs in the public sector and services from the public sector.Services to low-income people are provided to women as well as men (such as free television or Medicaid hospital beds). Married women at most levels of the class system may enter the welfare system when they work part. Compared with h usbands, public agencies may be more reliable, more amenable to negotiation, and less likely to become scarlet while drunk. The increase in working women and the increasing importance of public patriarchy have various implications for men and women. Lower wages and job segregation for women assure the continuation of male domination.Speaking of the relation amidst womens low wages in public and their subordination in the family, Heidi Hartmann ( 1981b) says, The lower pay women receive in the labor market both perpetuates mens material advantage over women and encourages women to choose wifery as a career. Second, then, women do housework, childcare, and perform other services at home which benefit men directly. Womens home responsibilities in turn reinforce their inferior labor market position (p. 22). Thus public patriarchy continues to uphold private patriarchy even as it undercuts and changes it.Just as women differ from each other, so they share a number of common features al most irrespective of their race, class, and family responsibilities. wholly womens wages are lower than those of equivalently skilled and qualified men all women are vulnerable to stereotypical assumptions about their aptitudes and their commitment to work, in particular, about the potential impact of their current or future children upon their work all women are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Despite the factors which distinguish women from each other, it is lock up possible to discuss the disadvantages that women suffer as a group.Minority women are differentially affected by the change. Black men and women have perpetually been subject to a patriarchy originating outside of, and destructive to, their family structure. In the early stages of the womens movement some feminists seemed to envy black women their freedom from the private patriarchy of black husbands, without recognizing the oppression they suffered from the public patriarchy of white, male-dominated society. For b lack women and for other minorities, the family can be both a source of oppression and a security system against the worst excesses of capitalism.It has been suggested that there are very likely to be increased opportunities in terms of both recruitment and promotion for women in the field of computing as a consequence of its internal organisational shifts. Commentators are dissever as to whether the kinds of social and communication skills which are now seen as sarcastic for such work are attributable to nature or nurture, but are united in thinking that we are more likely to find them in women than in men. Women, typically, are seen as more empathetic, creators of harmoniousness as opposed to hostility, of co-operation.The new technologies associated with computers are being hailed or decried as the basis of a new revolution for women. Womens labor force participation remains high for all ages and marital statuses. But past experience has made it clear that employment in occu pations may expand or contract with economic change. There is evidence that the high-tech economy will automate some of the services and clerical work that have been the mainstay of womens employment. One possibility is that decreased employment will send women back into the home. Housewife has often been a euphemism for unemployed, and may become so to a greater extent. It is not clear, however, that unemployed women will in fact become housewives supported entirely by their husbands (Bose 90). Private patriarchy declined in part because many men did not see a benefit to themselves in supporting a wife. Perhaps unemployed women will become divorced unemployed women. Perhaps they will become welfare mothers subject to a particularly important part of the public patriarchy.Perhaps they will find jobs in newly developing industries. All of these changes have taken place within a relatively short space of time. There is no denying that womens employment rights have radically increased in that time. But for all of this, women still earn a great deal less than men (if full-time and part-time women workers are considered together, about 70 per cent of mens hourly wages). Occupational segregation has remained almost constant to date and women are still concentrated, for the most part, at the bottom of the wage hierarchy.A a few(prenominal) women have broken through one or more layers of sugarcoat ceiling, but the majority remains in jobs which, however demanding and skilled, pay less than those jobs in which men work. The social division of labor is maintained. Women do womens work and men do mens work, both in the home and in the paid work place. Womens work is low paid or unpaid mens work is higher-paid, enabling men on the whole to buy womens work both at home and in the market. Control over social policies remains in the hands of men.

Cloud research

Though they worked together for a year, Peterson struggled to yoke the distance between web and herself. Over lunch, Peterson praised Wows efforts to broaden his professional cleverness set by attending weekend gross gross revenue seminars and net workings with colleagues to better escort the affair. These efforts, she noned, surely contributed to his success in retaining his large, but sole(prenominal), client. Peterson then reminded Www of her concerns. Fred, Id handle to remind you that your primary(a) focus should be on sassy business. It seems as If you re spending too much time managing your one client, and thats not your job. Peterson continued, As Vive mentioned before, Id like to be kept abreast of your development efforts, so I know when and if you need help from me, or just aboutone else In the comp some(prenominal). I expect you to summarize your efforts every few days on our online gross gross sales tool, like everyone else on the team. If you spent mor e(prenominal) time in the topographic point, Id have a better sense of your business. Plus, Im confident youd glean some helpful selling techniques from your colleagues. Fin every(prenominal)y, Peterson questioned the value of the expensive add-on emoluments Www had sold to his client so early In the relationship.Www assured Peterson that all revenue booked?including additional divine services? originated at his clients request. He emphasize that the networking heed done in the Chinese community was nearly to pass on off he expect to sign three major sensitively clients In the coming quarter. Www then stated that, because he was about to become the most successful sales executive In the Plano office, he needed his own sales assistant to answer his phone and action administrative tasks. Peterson hoped her face didnt register her dismay at Wows request.Only the most older salespeople at account statement, some of whom Juggled more than 30 accounts, had their own sales assis tants. The easing of Accountancys salespeople shared assistants. What was Www thinking? Solely as a infrastructure for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective man mount upment. Although based on real events and scorn occasional references to actual companies, this case is fictitious and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. Copyright 0 2013 President and Fellows of Harvard College.To position copies or request permission to produce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard line of merchandise Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. Hobs. Harvard. Deed. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is classical for use only by Chugging You in Fall 2014 Engaging and Empowering mountain taught by Bobbie Ships Texas Christian University from Septem ber 2014 to October 2014. 913-560 Wendy Peterson Accountancy Background Accountancy was founded in 1988 by Will Gleason, a former accountant, and TravisHarriman, a software engineer. Gleason, a aged(a) executive at a large national accountancy system firm, felt that many of the back-office bill functions his firm provided to clients could be automated. Gleason envisioned, and Harriman built, a back-office write up software mathematical product designed for what they felt was an undeserved market small- and medium-sized businesses, particularly those with ambitious growth targets. It was easy for businesses to adapt the Accountancy product as their needs changed or expanded, thanks to the modular design of the software and a comprehensive suite of add-on options.Gleason cultivated relationships with local investors and venture capitalists to pass exposure to possible clients. The founders believed that their competitive advantage would come not only from their superior softw are but also from their strong client relationships, a combination that companies making off-the-shelf accounting products or large accounting firms were unlikely to replicate. The founders also believed that a flat organizational structure and collegiate culture would minimize office politics, strengthen employee morale, and heighten company performance.Soon their business model began to pay off. The product was sticky once businesses implemented the software (a one-time facility cost between $25,000 and $100,000 depending on the scope of desired services) and trained employees on its use, they were likely to renew their annual contracts. Accountants client renewal rate was 25% above the industry average, and most clients retained services for at least(prenominal) four years. In 2010, the firm earned nearly $100 jillion in revenues, and employed more than 400 employees in ten regional offices located in southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.That same year, however , the proliferation of inexpensive, off-the- hell accounting software, combined with a faltering economy, drove down revenues three of its regions. The founders retired and the new CEO was determined to reignite the companys growth. He replaced the vice chairpersons of sales in a number of offices with the companys most enterprising young sales directors. all(prenominal) was given aggressive growth targets. If the revenue goals were met or exceeded, the new leadership and their sales teams would receive a substantial bonus.Wendy Peterson was one of the promoted employees. She was named vice president of sales for Accountants Plano, Texas, office. aft(prenominal) consultation with her superior, one of four regional senior vice presidents of sales, she agreed to grow the revenues of her underperforming office by 40% in two years. Accountancy Sales Organization Salespeople (generally referred to as sales executives) invested a significant amount of time getting to know clients and their businesses before submitting an sign proposal and turning the account over to a dedicated service team.Once a member of the sales team signed or re-create a client contract, day-to-day responsibility for product implementation and service transferred to an Accountancy account service am. Sales executives communicated with account service teams to come up abreast of implementation challenges and of potential add-on services that their clients might need. For new salespeople, the initial focus was outreach. Although some of the salespeople came from competitors, most came from sales or product management positions in other software or services Wendy Peterson 913-560 companies.New salespeople were expected to mine and leverage their personal networks and to research, cold-call, and cultivate their own lists of local prospects. impertinent most of Accountants employees, who were salaried, annual compensation for sales employees (about 20% of the companys employees) included a base wages portion (50% of annual compensation) and a commission component (50% of annual compensation). Escalating incentives existed for exceeding target revenue goals.If sales employees met or exceeded their annual financial targets and stated professional development goals, they were eligible for base salary increases. Although the salespeople mostly operated independently of each other, there were regional sales employee received a flat bonus payment ($7,000 in 2010). Total insemination ranged from $100,000 for first salespeople to $1 for Accountants most experienced sales managers. Background Peterson Joined Accountancy after graduating at the top of her Ivy League university class in 2000 with a degree in economics.A tireless worker with a peeping mind, she excelled as a Junior manager on a series of account service teams and earned stellar reviews from both clients and colleagues. By age 28, Peterson was managing account service teams herself. Said Peterson After six years working on and managing client engagements, I was ready for a change sales seemed a challenging, and potentially curative, opportunity. I was nervous, though, about fitting in with the sales organization after all, Id never worked in direct sales or closed new business.So I read books on varying sales strategies, attended weekend sales seminars, and requested to shadow two of the most successful sales directors (a small number of sales executives were promoted to the title of sales director to reflect their exceptional performance or tenure) in my office for the first month. Vive often been described as a doer?if I see a chance to help, I dont Just suggest an desire and wait for someone else to take charge. I like to do things myself. After Joining Accountants sales team it struck me that our senior sales provide benefited most from recurring revenue from our largest, longstanding customers.Their business was steady and demand little effort. Junior-level sales executives li ke me, on the other hand, worked overtime to lend new accounts and earned far less than experienced sales directors. As the pressure from management to drive new business increased, I spearheaded a volunteer mentoring program between Junior and senior sales professionals. The more experienced professionals imparted sales and client management wisdom to their Junior counterparts, in return for free assistance on large accounts.Camaraderie spiked and, I think, an unexpected benefit was that focusing on new business once more invigorated senior members of the sales team. I was one of the few sales employees who brought in lots of new business to Accountancy in 2008 despite the global financial crisis soon after I was promoted to manage the Plano sales organization. To me, the Plano team I inherited seemed disengaged I believed that changing the culture?by making my team closer and the office more collegial?would foster productivity and revenues. Under my direction, our performance im proved, and the team exceeded 2010 targets for new business by 15%.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Eating out Vs. Eating In Essay

Through tabu the years the economy has changed drastically, putting us into a horrendous recession. Gas prices chip in increased, taxes gain increased, and m whatever a(prenominal) foolish, young girls are having babies that they notifynot support, reach them to go on welfare, making onerous working citizens such as you, and me stick out a bun in the oven for their needs. Food is an essential part of daily life. Why knock off even more than(prenominal) of my hard earned m singley by take out(a), when I can easily deliver it, and be much healthier by take in in?I am on a tight budget, very family oriented, and intended about my health, so eating at nucleotide, rather than going out is more beneficial beca habit its healthier, cheaper, and more whiffable for me to be in my own environment. I dont know about you, but to me, there is nothing better than a full wallet, a full belly, and being able to kick back, relax, and delight in the comfort of my home. First off , eating at home is much healthier than eating out. Preparing nourishment at home allows me to control the ingredients that I increase to the meal, and I can be sure that the food and dishes are the right way cleaned, since I did it myself.Being a huge germ-a-phoebe, I constantly sweep my dishes in hot water, and use lots of soap. I find backing in knowing that only myself, and my family concur used our utensils no one else. Furthermore, I unceasingly make sure to thoroughly clean my food before I cook it, to moderate that it is not rotten, and all the bacterium is removed. I do this mostly with meats, lettuce, fruits, and vegetables. I am very conscious about my weight, and my health, so I eat in portions, grill preferably of fry, and enterprise to cut out as many carbs, sugars, and fats as I can.However, restaurants do not try to cut out any of those things. In fact, restaurant meals are often fried, and contain high sodium, oil, and fat, which can cause high cholester ol, and weight gain, making them very unhealthy. It also cuts beat my options on their menu a great deal. I find it very authoritative to eat healthy so I can keep my nil levels up, maintain a strong mind and body, and prevent myself from possibly growing any health issues in the future.Statistics show that 1 in 4 people a year, suffer from food poising caused by eating out. When I eat at a restaurant I always fuss about who is touching my food, if their hands are clean, what they put in my food, or if the food is old, or cleaned properly. I also vexation about the eating utensils, and if they are cleaned thoroughly. If they are not, I could be ingesting millions of germs and bacteria from a collar stranger who ate there before me. Restaurants are public places with many people inside some of which could be ill.If I were to come in contact with them, I could easily catch their germs, and become ill as well. When I eat at home, deck out and clean my own food, and use utensils that I cleaned myself, I never have to worry about any of those health risks caused by eating out. Secondly, eating at home or else of at a restaurant enables me to cut down on my budget, and save more money. Usually, there is always food at my house. My mom always buys macaroni and cheese, soup, lunch meats, cereal, or hot pockets.Whenever I dont have a taste for any of those things, or if there is none left, my fuck off and I take a five minute walk to our local anaesthetic Jewel-Osco, where they always have great deals. Just the other daylight, we bought a quartette pack of boneless chicken breasts, a pound of pasta, pesto sauce, mushrooms, garlic, lemons, and a 2-liter of soda, for a total of roughly $32 dollars. Restaurants, on the other hand, have to ensure on making enough money to buy more ingredients, pay their employees, pay bills, etc. , so food prices at restaurants are always higher than food I buy at the grocery store, and prepare myself.For example, when my family of four goes out to our favorite Italian restaurant, Giacomoss, and we order the same subscribe meal my mother and I purchased at Jewel, it is $16 dollars a headquarters per person, plus $2 dollars per glass of soda, 25% of the bill as a tip for the time lager, and around $10 dollars in gas to drive there. That totals out to be around $100 dollars, meaning we save roughly $70 dollars just by eating in. A U. S. survey shows that a family can save around $2,000 dollars a year, just by eating at home.Last but not least, I am much more comfortable eating at home, rather than eating out at a restaurant for many reasons. A few years ago, I was with my friend, Sarah at Panera Bread, and a middle aged man came and sat down at a table right next to us, even though there was many empty tables further away. While I was eating, I started to tell Sarah a joke, and when I reached the punch line, we both burst out laughing, and so did the man. After that, he kept staring at me eat, man listen ing intently to more of our conversation.I felt very annoyed, uncomfortable, and I just wanted to leave. Some ms restaurants are also very crowded, and uproarious, and they have disgusting looking bathrooms that have toilet paper all everyplace the floor, and they smell like rotting pee. Like I touch oned, I am a germ-a-phoebe, and Im also claustrophobic, so it is very hard to find peace, and comfort in an environment like that. Furthermore, any time I go out to a restaurant, or in public, I always try to look my best just in consequence I run into a cute guy, or someone I know.This of course takes time. I have to put on makeup, do my hairsbreadth, and try on a hundred different outfits until I am only convenient with how I look. Most of the time Im satisfied with tight fighting clothing that squeezes my whole body, causing extreme discomfort. heretofore when I eat at home, I dont have to waste time doing any of those things. I can be a bum if I want to, and wear sweatpants. I dont need to put on makeup, I can throw my hair up in a messy bun, and not have to worry about impressing anyone.Most importantly, I dont have to nervous strain out about it being as well as crowded or noisy in my home, since I only live with three other people. I can even sit on my couch, relax, and watch my favorite TV shows while I eat, all snuggled up, comfy, and stress free. More so, I can use my own clean, and fresh smelling bathroom without having to wait in line, or squat above the toilet seat. Cant beat that. In conclusion, I prefer eating at home rather than eating out because it is healthier, cheaper, and much more comfortable.Not to mention much more sanitary also. I dont have to worry about food poisoning, nosey strangers, being broke, getting ready, or being uncomfortable. Restaurants cook mainly fatty foods, charge way too much, and are usually crowded and noisy. After a long, hard day at work, I cant wait to kick my raiment off, change into comfy PJs, eat a hea lthy dinner, and relax in my quiet, stress free house, saving time and money, while finding comfort in the privacy of my home, sweet home.

Factory Act Essay

In this moment, unless there is eitherthing repugnant in the subject or context, adolescent means a soul who has finish xvi age nevertheless has not completed eighteen age of age,adult means a person who has completed eighteen courses of age, child means a person who has not completed sixteen years of age,day means a menstruum of twenty-four hours stem at mid-night, volatile substance includes whatsoever(prenominal) materials for making any explosive substance factory means any exposit including the precincts thereof whereon ecstasy or more workers are working or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months and in any pop of which a manufacturing process is organism carried on with or without the aid of force out, but does not include a mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act. male monarch to apply the commissariat of this Act to certain places. (1) The Government may, by notice in the official Gazette, declare that all or any of the provisions of this Act shall apply to any place wherein a manufacturing process is being carried on or is ordinarily carried on whether with or without the use of power whenever five or more workers are working therein or have worked therein on any day of the twelve months instantly preceding. (2) A notification nether sub-section (1) may be made in respect of any one much(prenominal) place or in respect of any class of such places or generally in respect of all such places. 3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (f) of particle 2, a place to which all or any of the provisions of this Act are, for the time being, relevant in pursuance of a declaration under sub-section (l), shall, to the extent to which such provisions are so made applicable but not otherwise, be deemed to be a factory. discussion section 4. military force to declare departments to be separate factories.The Government may, by order in writing, direct that the different departments or branches of a specified fac tory be treated as separate factories for all or any of the purposes of this Act. Section 5. Power to give up. The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, exempt any factory or any class or comment of factories from all or any of the provisions of this Act for such cessation as it may think fit in the public lodge in Provided that no such exemption shall be made for a period exceeding six months at a time. Section 6.Notice to examiner sooner initiation of work. (1) The house physician shall, at least fifteen long time before he begins to occupy or use any premises as a factory send to the straits tester a written notice containing the name and situation of the factory,the name and pass over of the occupier, the address to which communications relating to the factory may be sent,the nature of the manufacturing process (2) In respect of all factories which come inwardly the scope of this Act for the head start time, the occupier shall send a written no tice to the old geezer Inspector containing particulars specified in sub-section (1) within thirty eld from the conflict of the commencement of this Act.. 3) Before a factory engaged in a manufacturing process, which is ordinarily carried on for less than one hundred and eighty working days in the year, resumes working, the occupier shall send a written notice to the Chief Inspector containing the particulars specified in sub-section (1) within thirty days before the date of the commencement of work.Whenever another person is appointed as Manager, the occupier shall send to the Chief Inspector a written notice of the change, within seven days from the date on which such person assumes charge. (5) During any period for which no person has been designated as Manager of the factory or during which the person so designated does not manage the factory, any person make up acting as Manager or if no such person is found, the occupier himself shall be deemed to be the Manager of the fac tory for the purposes of this Act. Section 7. seasonal Factory. The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare any factory in which manufacturing processes are ordinarily carried on for not more than one hundred and eighty working days in the year and cannot be carried on except during particular seasons or at generation dependent on the irregular action of natural forces, to be a seasonal factory for the purposes of this Act. Section 8. Approval of plans and fees for licensing and allowance. (1) The Government may crave that previous authority in writing be obtained in the decreed manner from the Chief Inspector for the construction or extension of any factory or class or description of factories, require registration and licensing of factories or any class or description of factories and payment of fees for such registration and licensing or for the renewal of licences, in the prescribed manner.If, in accord with the provisions of sub-section (1) an a pplication for permission accompanied by the plans and specifications is sent to the Chief Inspector and no order is communicated to the applicant within two months from the date of its receipt by the Chief Inspector, the permission applied for in the verbalise application shall be deemed to have been granted. (3) Where the Chief Inspector refuses to grant permission to the said construction or extension of a factory or to registration and licensing of a factory the applicant may, within sixty days of the date of such refusal, appeal to the Government.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Historic tenets of urban planning Essay

The Third human being Cities have seen extra- ordinary growth in their urban expansion since 1950. The world 10 most populous cities argon located in the third world countries. The urbanization has intensifyd the way of support for the people living there. On one side these megacities have survive economic giant for their countries, on other they have also created problems such(prenominal)(prenominal) as disease, congested traffic, pollution and sacristy of resources with a huge perturbation among haves and have non.As these cities are unplanned and this urbanization is a choppy experience, it is natural for the Third world countries to be surrounded by these surmounting troubles, unless they direct the way out. Historic tenets of urban preparedness The evidence of urban training terminate be found the ancient cultures such as romish and Greek cities and in ancient cities in India and Egypt as hygienic. The Indus civilization in Pakistan is recognized as the first civili zation to have a alone developed urban planning.In 2600 BC, before the arrival of Harapa and Mojodharo, the small towns grew into big towns and eventually became cities with thousands of people living in. These people did not have inelegant society as their cities depicts, showing a homogenous culture, however diapered curtly from the course of history with their cities still intact. These cities are well planned and retrace a consistent design, which clearly shows that they were built fit in to a assured plan, and is considered the first developed urban plan.Similarly the Romans used to built their cities according to a proper city plan, with military and civil defense and many European cities still appear to follow that pattern. In their plan, the city has a central plaza or market, which is surrounded by streets and walls with short lops to cut the time short for pedestrians and often the city, has river or stream in the middle(a) to provide water and carry sewage out of the city (Crouch, 2003) During the operate two hundred years the Western world urban planning has gone through extensive changes in its planning and design.In the industrial age, the control of the city was held by the wealthy few, while the rest of the existence lived in slums and sewage. In the 20th century a movement started to change this urban structure and to provide healthy surround to its people. Thus arose the image of garden city, which were small in size but were basically personate towns with few thousand people. In the early 1920s the concept of advanced city emerges, such as Paris but they were destroyed during World Wars (Gaffikin, 1999).It was only after WWII that the young cities started to take shape place, however it was not until 1970s, that cheap block construction created an easy and efficient way of creating new mental synthesiss. The main objective of the concept of sophisticated planning is to regulate the building activities and set the limits on b uilding and neighborhoods. According to Hopkins (2001) the postmodern planning is tranquil of the following essential elements Aesthetics Planning In postmodern urban plans, the most essential element is taking aesthetics more seriously, which meant to resume beauty to homes and building.The important aspect of a city planning is zoning, maximising and managing the use of land and pace of urban development. Safety The houses in modern urban plans are designed to incorporate well with existing municipal services. The cities extreme zones are planned in a way that such dangers can be defused and houses in such firmaments are equipped with fatality operation and secure evacuation centers. Transport Planning A trusty urban plan has well developed transport system which put up to the needs of it commuters.Good transport system avoids traffic congestions and effectively carries commuters into assorted parts of the city without hassle. And automobiles in a city are well suited it m eets its requirement, such as spacious roads and parking lanes, which can handle traffic in rush hours. Effective Sub-urban Planning A successful urban plan brings benefit to larger city area by making the towns and urban environment spacious. Planning and the environment In advanced urban or village planning models, taking mete out of ecology is inevitable. The modern urban planning includes pastures and gardens to keep natural environment consistent with the city.

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay

the States and its allies face orb that has become more(prenominal) and more dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and dusky humankindity of terrorists more than willing to use them. The wisdom of the past does non have the prescience or universal insight to deal with this sunrise(prenominal) threat. America and its allies must change direction if they wish to resolve to the challenge in an effective manner, withal if it means employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The disk operating system is called to protect its citizens in Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise.The church is called to submit to the superior wisdom of those who have the special word, experience and expertness to handle the original crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to settle in wilderness that was not always hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was upper some on all their minds. The resolve in Jamestown, after the death of Powhatan, suffered an unprovoked attack at the turn over of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred.The immediate response was to perform perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by burning their crops previous(a) that summer. It was matter of survival. It was either us or them. (Amit 2003 127) The same policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, most war-like people, presented an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, murdering in adept horrendous conflagration of Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children.The exact motives behind the massacre confront unclear, but no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. directly the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in m either ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one can debate whether the time s have waxed worse and worse, but it is beyond question that the times have proved more and more critical with their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the forever-increasing number of potential users.The land of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted pre-emptive strike against an Iraqi nuclear reactor. The unite States roundly condemned the action at the time, but with the threat now face up them from this and other rogue nations new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime atomic number 18 apparent to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the occupation of WMD and concede these weapons themselves or distribute them through the shadowy world of terrorist nedeucerks to designated targets in this clandestine manner.The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has violated over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working(a) on stockpile of WMDchemical, biological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them main course to his supply. He already has used these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on number of occasions to channel destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush.He has subsidized and continues to support terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad according to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is matter of grave concern. (Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides special channel to deliver and promote his wicked designs, Bin Laden has called it religious duty for his minions to set out and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help.It is just now in the movies that Dr No is able to create the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the real world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weap ons requires the help of government. Aum Shinrikyo, Japanese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with potent nerve agent but managed to kill only dozen after spending somewhere around thirty million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less than anticipate and displayed the complexity of trading operations using these agents.The cult was not able to piddle the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using most vulgar delivery systemcarrying it on train and piercing bags of it with tips of umbrellas. government working with terrorist organization would produce more lethal combination. 3 In cast down of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to eliminate the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. just one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track platter of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors?It did not the first time around, not in toto, would the UN impose the necessary sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore certain closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play squash game and was given four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donnes fatalistic maxim succinctly defines the essential context that modern intelligence agency run work out inside, and the variables determining their relative fortunes.Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions largely shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to allude misfortune and luck. As refined information used by the state to progress national goals and policies, intelligence is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the intelligence cycle) at bottom the milieu of internationalistic politics. Intelligence work must therefore function within the anar chical society of Great Powers. 1 Equally far-famed is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters.The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the desperate men in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or problematic duties in the face of inertia and outright opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unlikely that any intelligence good in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to much(prenominal) restrictive bondage. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be deliberate broad-front attack.It is already that in practice, but the rationale for sustaining this approach is less established and troubles are certain because such scheme requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of capability which may at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. (Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly true for the office of strategic Services committee in capital of the United Kingdom, Americas critical interest and operational intelligence outpost during the Second creative activity War.Expanding to peak of 2,800 strength in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the arrival of hotshot representative, followed by staff nucleus the day after Americas entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four major OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as focal point for Anglo-American intelligence dealing in the determining(prenominal) theatre in the war against Germany.The London mission was at the message of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. The Allied invasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform decisive utilisation in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would to a fault make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy but these were ultimately secondary theatres, while in the pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations.London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American coalescence itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet Union have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the big league in Allied intelligence during the war. many another(prenominal) significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering concomitanted examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London therefore illuminate the proces s by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestine work, and how well American intelligence performed in its own right.As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites domain in order to understand the antecedents of Americas nipping War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the development of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American Special Relationship had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides case study of how US intelligence matured and became institutionalized within the context of the large Anglo-American political-military alliance.This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not yet been explored in any comprehensive detail. It is part of current historiographical review o f the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It ad hocally examines OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the evolution of both modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War.The universal research approach blends what has been termed the American and British schools of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godsons Intelligence an American View, in Robertsons British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes between this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kents Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy).British diplomatic historian D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though recent noteworthy British contribution to the theoretical sch ool is Michael Hermans Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which plentys the interrelationship between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the big wartime Anglo-American alliance.(Neville 2004 45) The second ordinary purpose involves judging the relevance and professionalization of the OSS intelligence effort within the Anglo-American alliance, much of the existing literature on OSS has been preoccupied with the question of whether OSS had an rival on the war, of whether it accomplished anything of consequence. This very concern dominated the first ever OSS conference held at the US National Archives in July 1991. (Paul 2001 38-77) there has moreover been number of recent works beginning to examine the software documentation on the OSS operational record in various geographic areas, such as Romania and China. 7 Richard Aldrich has gone considerable way toward surveying OSS cogitate and rivalries with British intelligence in the Far East. 8 Particularly noteworthy in terms of this present study is Jay Jakubs recent Spies and Saboteurs, survey of Anglo-American collaboration and rivalry in espionage and special operations in join Africa, Yugoslavia, Asia, and France.Jakub focuses on identifying varying degrees of mutual dependence and independence in these specific operational realms, and is more substantially documented approach to the operational evolution of OSS, including within OSS/London. Having said that, no existing work on OSS has truly addressed the experience of any OSS mission in terms of the grade identified by Andrew and Dilks, or provided comprehensive analysis of all the major OSS branches in their activities.The question of overall OSS significance to the war effort also remains largely unresolved historiographically. This present study therefore strives to detail OSS/Londons evolut ion and activities comprehensively, and to establish their larger significance to the institutionalization of American intelligence after the war. The third major research goal flows by nature from the second to illuminate this alliance intelligence relationship within the larger framework of Anglo-American competitive cooperation.This phrase was coined by David Reynolds to describe how Britain and America acted in concert as circumstances required, while still maneuvering for advantage and billet as powers. Linking this phenomenon with the ambiguity, ambivalence, misuse and circumstance inherent in intelligence operations as suggested by intelligence theory invites an analysis of the intelligence relations between two major wartime powers, or more bluntly, to place this intelligence study within the context of Great Power politics. (Anthony 2002 122-56)

Monday, February 25, 2019

Agency Problem in SOEs of China

Agency caper is a worldwide problem wheresoever it is in western countries or China. It is inevitable during the development of the firms organic law. As long as the interests between the owner and oversight ar non aligned, the conflict is existed. Many western firms sire established the rules and inducing systems to pr razet path problem. Somehow it attains. We find it is not generous to overcome the problem.China has undergone a long period economic put right. During the reform, how to repair the SOEs performance is a hot focus. In the past, all the SOEs were controlled by the government, what the companies doing were indomitable by the government, then on one side the executive directors did not subject hold the full debt instrument for the participation on the other side, the officer diabolic the sufficers for the bad performance.There argon no clear boundary on the space of freedom and responsibilities. (see Georges Enderle) The delegacy problem became al l the same worse because of this phenomenon. without delay China has tried a atomic pile of methods to establish the modern ecesis of SOEs. The boundary between the government and the executives of SOEs has been clearly sit. Some SOES have been published. hitherto we find that the mental representation problem quench exist more or slight and the occupancy morals do be mired. And business ethics en physical bodyle play a virtually important routine in dealing with the mission problem during the economic reform.2. Definition of force problemBefore we go further, we indispensability to define what is agent and what is agency problem. component is the entity where Management represents owners the agency relationship is the relationship between the principal and the agent, in which the agency acts for the principal. And what is agency problem? The agency problem results from the separation of management and the monomania of the firm. Agency problem can be clarified as the followings Agents may consume excessive perks. Agents may shirk (not exp remove their opera hat efforts). Agents may act in their best interest (instead of the interest of the principal).3. why does Agency Problem happen?On the very beginning, most firms were establish on the family and their management was the members within the family, and in that location was not agency problem at all, because the management and ownership were aligned, no interest conflict. As the firms grow, it seems they need advanced management skills and the existed relationship within the management restricted the harvest-festival of the firms. Furthermore, it was much more uncontrollable to raise new equity. Then they hire the headmaster managers to act as the owners. The agency problem is followed as this organization comes out. Due to the interest is not alignment between the managers and the owners, more or less the managers allow for pursuit their own profit instead of the owners, which we suasion is un estimable because of the space of freedom and responsibility are not fit outed. (see Georges Enderle) and we impart discuss later.Although the goal of the firm is the maximization of shareholders wealth, in reality the agency problem may interfere with the implementation of this goal. The agency problem results from the separation of management and the ownership of the firm. For example, a firm possibly runs by the professional managers who have little or no ownership in the firm. Because of this separation of the decisiveness-makers and owners, managers may make decisions that are not in line with the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth. They may approach work less energetically and attempt to benefit themselves in terms of net profit and perquisites at the expense of shareholders.The cost of Agency problem is obvious. There are the monitor be, bonding costs and the residual loss. Monitoring costs are costs incurred by the principle to monitor the actions of the agents (Ex. Annual report to shareholders). bond costs are costs incurred by the agent to ensure they will act in the best interests of the principals (binding employment contract). The residual loss is the tacit cost when management and shareholders interests cannot be aligned, even when bonding and monitoring costs are incurred.We will spend considerable time in monitoring managers and trying to align their interests with shareholders. Managers can be monitored by auditing financial statements and bonded by managers compensation packets. The interests of managers and shareholders can be aligned by establishing management border line options, bonuses, and perquisites that are directly tired to how closely their decisions coincide with the interest of shareholders. The agency problem will persist unless an incentive structures set up that aligns the interests of managers and shareholders. In other words, what is equitable for shareholders must also be good for managers. If that is not the case, managers will make decisions in their best interest rather than increase shareholder wealth.4. Does incentives or regulations eliminate the Agency Problem?A high level of compensation can result from a pay-for-performance system in which the executive has performed extremely swell up, or it can be the result of the agency problem, Where the executive is taking advantage of the system. Keep in opinion that an executive compensation committee, appointed by the firms board of directors, by and large recommends the chief executive officers compensation package. Also keep in mind the board of directors, although elected by the shareholders, is generally nominated for election by the CEO and thus may be more sympathetic to the CEOs desires than to the shareholders best interests. This opens the door for good old boy networks to take care of their own and set up a compensation package that rewards, regardless of performance, without attempting to align mana gers and shareholders interests.So it is essential to establish a good controlling and monitoring system, but since it does not work so well or we have not find a perfect machinelike system to prevent it up to now. How should we do then? It is the ethical way that doing the adjust thing. A difficulty arises, however, in attempting to define doing the estimable thing. The problem is that each of us has his or her own set of values, which forms the basis for our personal judgments about what is the right thing to do. Every high society adopts a set of rules or laws that prescribe what it believes to be doing the right thing. In a sense, we can think of laws as a set of rules that weigh the values of the society as a whole, as they have evolved. However, not all the agency problem has been against the law.As the individuals, they have a right to disagree about what constitutes doing the right thing and we will seldom stake beyond the basic notion that ethical look at involves abiding by societys rules. And some of the ethical dilemmas that have arisen with regard to the agency problem. These dilemmas generally arise when some individual behavior is country to be at odds with the wishes of a large portion of the population, even though the behavior is not prohibited within law. honorable dilemmas can therefore provide a catalyst for discussion. Is ethics really germane(predicate)? the answer is Yes. First, although business errors can be forgiven, ethical errors tend to end careers and terminate future opportunities. Because unethical behavior eliminates trust, and without trust businesses can not interact. Second, the most damaging event a business can do it is a loss of the publics confidence in its ethical standards.5. The agency problems in SOES do involve business ethics dimension.By the definition of the agency problem in the SOEs in China, the managers depute or appointed are the agents, who manage the assets of the principal.(the country) Th ey have a lot of politics regarding personnel, funds and fixed assets etc., but they fathert have the synonymic responsibilities. The situation is a result of the mismatch of the space of freedom and responsibility as indicated by Georges Enderle.According to what Prof. Georges Enderle said, the space of freedom and responsibility should match with each other. On one hand, it is unfair for soul to be held prudent for something if he or she doesnt have the freedom to make decision on it. On the other hand, it will be dangerous for someone to only enjoy the space of freedom without any or less constraints or responsibility. Sooner or later, he or she will corrupt the authority to achieve for his or her own interests by hurting others.During the reform of the SOEs organization, the managers are granted with even more authorities for them to better manage their companies. But unfortunately, some managers undertake some unethical or even illegal activities to act against their compa nies and the country, which has ca utilize a huge loss for our country. It was describe that sum of money lost assets of the country amounted to about RMB 50 billion to 100 billion during the 1990s. The main moderatenesss are that the managers of the SOES take advantages of their prevailed positions to gain personal interests for themselves. But they dont really worry about the loss because they will not be responsible for that. Please read the following casethirty Company is one of the largest SOES in Guizhou Province. Started from the 1980s, the company went into a very difficult situation, making a greater loss every year. Oct. 27, 1999, an extremely shameful news exploded the company Guifang Jing, the 54-year old, female financial manager were involved in corruption of over RMB7 million. Very soon, she confessed that it was she that took advantage of her position and her professional fellowship to manipulate the financial statements and embezzle the companys assets.At the beginning, she got involved in the bank accounts transaction directly by victimization as excuse that the cashier was not familiar with it. She hid 325 bank accounts in total, which amounted to RMB 57 billion in total. At the meantime, she played a lot of tricks in distorting the bank checks and gained RMB12 billion in total. After she embezzled so much money, she first baseed to have an abnormal mentality. One time, when she found that the company still had some cash balance in the bank, she felt very big for not having taking out for herself.One day when she was on the business trip, one financial clerk of the company found that one bank check of several ten thousand RMB was missing and he reported to the general manager and the latter reported to the practice of law. Guifang Jing smelt that the police would start investigate very soon. After pondering over for several nights, she in conclusion recovered her conscience and decided to give herself to the police.Lets essay the case. It is true that she broke the law. But if her business ethics had been good enough, she would have not got involved in such illegal and unethical behavior. She was assigned and trusted by the shareholder to have the authority to manage the company assets, but she betrayed her company by abusing her space of freedom, especially when the company was in such a difficult situation. At that time she should have used her professional knowledge and cooperated with her colleagues to break the financial performance of the company. Another reason was that there was no healthy corporate culture in the company. Employees were not encouraged and rewarded for making contributions to the company. So nobody really cared about the company. That kind of environment gave Guifang Jing opportunities to corrupt such a great amount of money.Upon shrewd that the police would investigate the missing bank check, she decided to confess to the police to avoid more serious punishment. Actually, she was at the first stage of Konhlber-Inspired Typology of Ethical Dilemmas. If she had been in a higher stage, for instance, Stage 4 Conform to rules, laws, code, and conventions, or even higher, Stage 5 Follow principles based on think of for pile and their rights, she would have not got involved to this crime.But we must be clear that the case of Guifang Jing was only one of the similar cases that happened in the SOEs in the country. Obviously the companies and the whole country need to take action to improve the business ethics, to foster a good and ethical business environment.So far, we have understood why the incentives and regulations cannot and will not solve the agency problems. The agency problems do involve business ethics dimension. Then there is a base for business ethics to play an important role in dealing with the agency problems. As common sense, human acquires knowledge through education, formal or informal. Without education (in a broad sense), people cannot understan d the nature and the society. They wont have their values essential in the process of learning and practice. Of course, they wont act check to the social behavior orders and norms. Business ethics aims to discuss the business conduct/activities that raise moral issues and to improve the ethical quality of decision-making process at all levels micro-, meso-, and macro-level (Enderle) through education.

Organisation and management in the network era Essay

The following impudentlys report contains a brief look into MAS holdings, the troupes history, how they exhaust enceinte and developed and how they beat succeeded in numerous approximates. The report then goes on to address the following questions1. Outline the hear leadershiphip discharges confronting MAS Holdings. 2. In damage of this case, how prat the CIO swear appear in gaining elderberry bush anxiety die hard for IT initiatives? 3. In reviewing an government of your choice, discuss the map played by the CIO and chief executive officer when lead an IT initiative deep down their respective followAn entering to MAS HoldingsMarketsMAS holdings, which was established and lead by progressive and visionary leader Desha numerousa Mahesh Amalean, MAS Holdings pioneered and perfected the manufacture of g girdleents including elegant lingerie in Sri Lanka. The company started with a whizz factory and round of 60, today MAS Holdings now is one of Sri Lankas larges t dress manufacturers. They produce crop, carrying out wear and swimwear in the universe with a net $1 one million million annual turnoer. MAS Holdings now has 38 world-class apparel facilities that spread every ordinate 14 different countries and employing more than 55,000 people, they have grown from a down(p) company to an international powerho subroutine in manufacturing repayable to their sound stage business poser and visionary, diverse development.MAS Holdings are not only the lead story strategicalal rivener for Victorias Secret (VS) but too efficaciously serve numerous global brassierends including Triumph International, tag & Spencer (M&S), DIM marker Apparel, Nike, Speedo, Adidas, Reebok, GAP and Banana Republic. The for mentioned companies are known for quality and excellence end-to-end the world and this is in many ways attributed to MAS Holdings dedication to their brands and commitment to suffer an excellent service to their customers.Design and pr oduct development has evolved to be summon a samara part of the business an area in which MASHoldings has excelled. In summing up to working with traditional vendornetworks, concepts and design briefs in order to induce new product ranges, MAS Holdings to a fault works to create new applied science and products that will be a source of competitive wages, this is done in a bid to redefine the industry Innovation is second constitution to MAS Holdings. From working with Victorias Secret on fast replacement models to lean manufacturing with rapid product changeovers, the companys fully-integrated model all(prenominal)ows it to innovate across the value chain. ProductsMAS Holdings comprise of four business units MAS Intimates, MAS Active, MAS Fabrics and MAS Investments, a set forth non-apparel business. The MAS Holdings Intimates department designs and manufactures niche-market lingerie for high-street fashion retailer and brands, while MAS Active supplies lead brands in oppo sition sportswear. MAS Fabrics, made up of manufacturing facilities for elastics, warp-knit framework, lace, intimate apparel accessories and moulded bra cups, it is here that we see many of the innovative products MAS Holdings produce coming together.MAS fabrics besides complements the Intimates and Active divisions. Through the integrated business model, MAS Holdings innovates new and exciting solutions from state of the art silicon-embedding engineering toorganic and fair-trade products. Some innovative products accommodate the Speedo Fast SkinFS-Pro swim match which was polemically worn out at the2004 Olympics, and subsequently banned. An another(prenominal) innovative product produced by MAS Holdings was the Nike Revolutionary Support Bra the highest-selling sports bra in the USA worn by international tennis playersand athletes.In 2007, MAS Holdings launched its own intimate apparel brand, Amant, which targets the Indian market. MASInvestments oversaw a diversified portfo lio of investments including the development of integrated apparel and fabric parks in the region, retail and outsourced education-engineering services. The divisions are brought together under a common vision and corporate governance by MAS integrated Solutions.A undefeated spin off from the apparel market was MAS Investments which include two IT consulting companies, the Corporate Branding and Retail unit and a diversified investment portfolio. A brief history review shows that in 1990, Mast Industries entered into a joint venture, background up shadow line.The next big leap for MAS Holdings came in 1992 when it entered into a joint-venture partnership with Triumph International and Mast Industries to set up Bodyline, which continues to be its single largest plant for manufacturing intimate in the area. Slimline, a company which emerged in 1993 as a joint venture with Mast Industries and Courtaulds Clothing (UK), has been a key sourcing arm of M&S and went on to establish benc hmarks for excellence in employee traffic and put MAS Holdings firmly on the global map.The counterbalance overseas venture for MAS Holdings was Linea Clothing in the Maldives in 1996. Since then, the group has continued to rack up strategic investments overseas with operations spanning five countries. MAS Holdings initiated vertical integration within the Sri Lankan apparel industry with its joint venture with Mast Industries and Charnwood Elastics (UK) to establish Stretchline, the countrys postmortem supplier of elastics, in 1996. Stretchline is now a globally recognised brand for narrow performance elastics with a global manufacturing base. A partnership with NoyonDentelles of France in 2004 created South Asias startle lace manufacturing facility, Noyon Lanka.Joint-venture partnerships with Prym Intimates (Germany), Dogi International FabricandTextprint SA (Spain) consolidated the regional tot up base for intimate apparel accessories, warp-knitted fabrics and fabricprinti ng capabilities. This diversity in the supply chain has helped blot Sri Lanka and the regional centre of excellence for apparel and sportswear. MAS Linea Aqua, a partnership concern with Speedo International, is one of the first dedicated swimwear plants in the world excelling in performance swimwear. As previously mentioned, it has been MAS Holdings dedication to innovation that has propelled it to the pass of its industry.Q1. Outline the key leadership issues confronting MAS Holdings. As mentioned above, the history of MAS Holdingshas played a role in key leadership issues that confront MASHoldings today.There are several(prenominal) key leadership issues confronting MAS Holdings. Due to the diverse nature of MAS Holdingsoperations and its decentralised structure, it would be difficult to have a item company- wide leadership in place. Malesh Amalean, chairman of MAS Holdings has to deal with the vertical integration of MASHoldings. At the beginning, he succeeded in creating his own company and orienting its company system to an export-oriented strategy.First, he managed to set up contracts with European and American retailers such as C&A or Calvin Klein. Secondly, he organized a first joint venture with a big American retailer, MAST, which allowed him to gain his first contract with Victorias Secret and a strong reputation in womens lingerie manufacturing. Unfortunately, the sudden plus of work for thecompany led to virtually leadership problems,the read of seasoned professional managers. MaleshAmalean has to lose a part of his control over the company by sharing his control over the business to juvenile and unknown managers. He has to trust them in order to take advantage of this situation.The next joint ventures, with Triumph, Noyon or Sara Lee, amongst others, have further increased the issue of control and trust. Although MASHoldings can continue to develop while creation part of a large company, they must(prenominal) chequer to adapt and co mpromise to suit partner firms. This may involve accepting new systems, processes and procedures such as the ones instituted by Triumph. However this deal was not one sided as MAS Holdings had to learn to share their own technologies and knowledge with their partner. This can lead to some outrage of control within the company if not managed correctly.In order not to lose too much power, MAS Holdings was only signing joint-ventures with companies in which they established a trusting relationship, with strong dialogue and a soulal relationship, they also protected themselves by never committing 100% of their production capabilities to one especial(a) company. Furthermore, the company nominately outlined in apiece contract that MASHoldings were trusty for managing the businesses from taking the order stage and MASHoldings also clearly defined the righteousness of separately participant in the joint-venture. This specific repartition of tasks allowed MAS Holdings to build a spe cific structure for all their different tasks which they maintained a desired level of control over.Due to a desire to succeed with this new decentralise structure MaleshAmalean made a decision to allocate leaders to each structure, segmenting the leaders from each other. MAS Holdings run the risk of deviating from its core business model as a progeny of this. This is one of the reasons why MAS Holdings managed to deploy its IT systems to cleanse knowledge sharing and information management capabilities across the organization.As the company develops and grows, they are faced with the issue of loss of control. They attempt to counteract this by implementing strategies to prevent it. Q 2. In terms of this case, how can the CIO assistance in gaining senior Management weather for IT initiatives? The Chief study officer (CIO) of an governing body is the someone responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support the organisations destinations and objec tive (TechTarget). This position is intended to bridge the gap between information technology and the business.It is an evolving role related to performance, evaluation, and turnover. For IT initiatives to be in(predicate), a team rise is essential at the senior level in the organization. Therefore the CIO must try to leave alone a link between the IT department and the companys senior managers (Hunter, 2010). The following paragraphs would discuss ways the CIO can assist in gaining senior management support for IT initiatives in MAS Holdings. CommunicationAt MAS Holdings, the senior management is aware of the flexibility and competitive advantage IT initiatives can bring to the organisation in a rapidly changing market. However, to assist in gaining senior management support, communication is key. The CIO must communicate in the language of business, as this is important to enable the senior management nurse IT funding decisions as puff up as strategic and business decisions. Therefore, the key information on what the IT bug out will enable MAS Holdings to perform should be stated in clear, concise, and real business terms.Stating the alignment with strategies and objectivesInformation technology and business alignment refers to demonstrating concise business related value from IT and set up the capabilities of IT with the objectives of the organisation (Hunter, 2010). In order to do this, the CIO needs to understand the strategies and objectives of MAS Holdings. Strategies of MAS Holdings include a coalition of companies, Backward Vertical Integration, and streamlining the supply chain. The specifics of potential IT initiatives should be clearly stated and explained how it may be strategically applied to save the MAS Holdings goals and objectives. In cases where IT travails are not aligned, but may still be important, the CIO needs to tell senior managers why and how. Alignment is usually facilitated through and through with(predicate) communicati on. Specifying the anticipated bene paroxysmsUsually senior management do not specifically care about the technology itself, but how it would enable the organisation accomplish its goals. MAS Holdings work with a coalition of companies, so apart from competitive advantage, IT initiatives would provide a transparent model which allows information and knowledge to flow within the MASHoldings group companies and through the value chain, from customer down to various suppliers.This would make the retail business more efficient cost competitiveness and zip up would be enhanced, while providing flexibility. MAS Holdings biggest customer, Victorias Secret needed to dilute the concept-to-market duration of its products. An ERP solution would help produce a demand-planning system that would have the right product on the shelf at the right time. Showing the focus on MAS Holdings top prioritiesThe CIO must understand the organisations priorities, and the identified IT initiatives must addre ss these priorities. MAS Holdings priority is to understand how each of their partners work, what is important to them, and what their expectations are. Therefore in order to gain senior management support for IT projects, the CIO should show an understanding of the culture of the MAS Holdings and its partners, and to provide the IT solution that would support that.Q 3. In reviewing an organisation of your choice, discuss the role played by the CIO and CEO when leading an IT initiative within their respective company. The company we have chosen to review is Marks and Spencer. We feel this is a specifically good fit as they fall under the MAS Holdings umbrella of brands. Marks & Spencer CEO Marc Boland Marc Bolland, originally from Holland is the current CEO of Marks & Spencers. He was noted in 2010 as one of the intimately influential people in business and in 2011 he was named as most admired business leader in the UK by Management Today magazine.He worked for Heineken and Morri sons before Marks & Spencers. When Marc took over at Marks and Spencer in 2010, he faced the quarrel of meliorate sales and increasing profits. His aim was to do this through development the most up to date and innovative technology. Marks and Spencer set Cheshire Oaks as their flagship technology store. Cheshire Oaks is the first Marks and Spencer store to make extensive use of all the latest technology and innovations in multi-channel to create an enhanced, more well-to-do and inspirational customer shop experience.The Cheshire Oaks and subsequent stores have adopted and apply technologies HD screens throughout the stores showcase the latest looks offered. Browse and Order screens allow catalogues be viewed and ordered from. Staff equipped with iPads to assist customers with item searches Leading technology such as the Virtual Makeover and Duvet and Pillow Selector bread and butter Marks and Spencer at the forefront on technology. QR codes and free customer Wi-Fi also featu re throughout the store.It is essential that Marc Boland works with the CIO when he is implementing or improving any information technology process or policy. Collaboration between CEO and CIO is essential. Marcs role is to approve of and support IT initiatives. Backing the technology and using his expertise and resources efficiently will help any slaying succeed. Marc must be an sure leader and ensure that the team and himself donjon up to date with the constantly changing world of E-Commerce and technology. Being an informed leader will help Marc in his role of ensuring Marks & Spencers keep up to date with their competitors. Customers value and demand the newest and most up to date technology. Providing services that meet the demand is a key role in Marcs goal of improving the situation Marks & Spencer fix themselves in when he acquired the C.E.O. role.Marks and Spencer CIO Darrell stein Darrell stein is CIO of Marks & Spencers and he plays a crucially important role in lea ding I.T. initiatives throughout the organisation. Although Chief Information ships officers will always be abstruse in I.T. initiatives, Steins vision, enterprising spirit and ambition ensure many supremacyful I.T. projects under his tenure.Stein is the key man that led I.T. change within Marks & Spencer resulting in it being a very successful organisation today. Stein was initially brought in as an I.T. director with some responsibilities for logistics, barely he moved away from the logistics side so he could ease up his full attention to I.T. Using his knowledge and experience, he shortly prove himself surpassing the I.T. systems company wide, no easy task for an organisation with over a thousand stores and almost 10billion in annual revenue.Stein learned lessons from new-fashioned high profile disasters in the retail sector, and his approach is to look at all aspects of a project while planning the project, he is also gnarly in getting the right people in place and empl oys a tactic of not moving too fast, his successful techniques have been proven with the high success rate of projects which he has co-ordinated. Crucially, he also realises how much that I.T. projects which dont work, hurt the organisation on a day to day basis. Perhaps the most rewarding I.T. initiative that Stein was a leader in implementing was the roll out of SAP computer software within the company. SAP was initially rolled out in the pay department, and after its initial success, it was expanded to other departments within the core business system.Steins role was to justify the implementation of the software, as well as convincing the board at M&S that the wakeless initial investment in SAP would lead to a idler line benefit to the company and boilersuit cost savings in the long run. Stein also faced a challenge in integrating SAP into the existing business process and his full support and backing of the I.T. project was key to its success. When Stein initially rolled out the SAP system in the finance department it led to minute of arc savings. Stein cut M&Ss procurement outlay by a quarter as a direct result of the implementation of the SAP system (TechRepublic, Top 50 CIO). Due to its success in the finance department, Stein rolled out SAP systems to other business areas including HR, supply chain and the foods division.This wide scale roll-out became part of a 2020-Doing the right thing initiative which in essence, is an I.T. &supply chain overhaul that cost 400million in 2011 alone (M&S completes first phase of 3 year SAP rollout, 2010).Steins role in this long term project is key and he is the catalyst for I.T. change within M&S. Stein was also integral in pushing through the I.T. change projects with the goal of lowering overall company operating costs. His ethos of not seeing himself as a technology person, but as a business person who utilizes technology to benefit the company, has been fundamental to M&S and its rebranding strategy of mor e for less.Stein helped reduce running costs through implementing I.T. initiatives, and this led to money being freed up within the business and being invested in other sectors, such as business development projects. It is clear that Darrell Stein has been a fundamental player in leading I.T. initiatives in M&S and his reputation some(prenominal) within the company, and the wider business world, tight the decisions he takes are looked at with optimism and excitement from his colleagues, and with caution from his competitors. Stein has time-tested to focus on building the trust and strong relationship the M&S brand has with its customers, he sees this as key to keeping bunglesome customers, whose return business is vital to the companys continuous success.He has done this through developing feedback channels with customers through more interaction, he has also focused on building the e-commerce aspect of the business, and it is largely due to the measures Stein implemented that M &S has come upond 75% annual increase in its online sales turnover. Stein is now in a position within M&S where he has contributed to them becoming market leaders through, in part, his leadership in pushing through I.T. projects.As mentioned above, it is dogmatic that Darrell Stein works in harmony with Marc Boland to ensure that two of the most influential men in the company work together to achieve organisational goals. Key to the pushing through effective I.T. initiatives in M&S was the close professional relationship Boland and Stein had. Both men regularly communicated with each other about implementing change and integrating the I.T. into the business model.The ample communication channel reinforced any project the men were involved in and made the implementation of technology very smooth. All scenarios involving the new technology would have been talked about prior to its implementation. Communication was a key factor to success in many projects such as the introduction o f the virtual makeover application. Boland and Stein were also both innovators, they looked to set themselves aside from competition through innovative thinking and applying new techniques in the retail sector. Having a CEO and CIO with such a good relationship was essential to some of M&Ss innovative approaches as technology was a key tool used in implementing the change.One such project was the introduction of M&S TV online, which promoted customer interaction with the overall aim of boosting sales. M&S TV pioneered many of the campaigns you see today, for instance, they were first to do a video on where does the milk on the shelves come from? Meet the farmer. These videos made the customer believe they are shopping local and such ads can be seen today by firms such as McDonalds, for their beef, and Supervalu for their produce.The dedication both men had to their jobs was also crucial to many successful projects. Both men had a passion for what they were doing and firmly believed all measures they put in place were for the benefit of the company. In conclusion, we feel both Marc Bolland and Darrell Stein added to Marks and Spencers success, and their co-operation and partnership has boosted innovative techniques and introduced new technologies to the firm.References If infallible answering a question so not sure? -TechRepublic, CIO 50 most influencial, innovative tech chiefs. www.techrepublic.com/cio50/Darrell+Stein/6385891/ -M&S completes first phase of three year SAP roll out, king of beasts King, Computerworld UK, published May 10- www.computerworlduk.com/news/applications/20416/marksspenser-completes-first-phase-of-three-year-SAP-rollout/ ReferencesBrief How can CIOs correct their presentations to senior management? URL http//www.rms.net/lc_briefs_cio_present.htm Hunter G. (2010) The Chief Information Officer A Review of the Role. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations TechTarget Definition of Chief Information Officer (CIO) . URL http//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/CIO .Watson.N,Story.J. (2006).MAS Holdings Strategic Corporate Social Pesponsibility in the Apparel Industry.3-4.02/2006-53402.Various(Author)(2007).Business Superbrands.54-55.UKSuperbrands LtdView as multi-pages

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Importance Role of Advertising in Tourism Industry

INTRODUCTION We live in a merchandise and media-driven world. Any organization involved in the leisure and phaetonry occupation arts centers, museums, sports clubs and sm each give-up the ghost(predicate) hotels to the full-sizest theme parks, air kriss and cruise companies, is inte liberalizati hotshotd in publicizing M whatso constantly companies think that they should cut expenditure on ad and redirect it into sales advancements, direct mail, public relations and opposite engender a hops of marting converses. ad is non an expensive save, quite an, is a st prisegic activity which should be regarded as an investing in the result or brand.Reducing publicize spend whitethorn yield short-term savings scarcely whitethorn nearly lead to huge-term loss of commercialize c over. In the late 1970s Adidas cut ad spend on its sports shoes and embed that the brand was not strong enough to brinytain trade sh atomic design 18 in the face of sunrise(prenominal) competitors. It has struggled to recover its former authority. denote m venerableiness be sustained to maintain a brands market presence since quite a teensy entirely demoralize those harvestings they talk roughly. Out of kettle of fish is out of mind for the client Effective advertize lowlifenot guarantee success, but it legitimately increases its chances.Advertising plays an primary(prenominal) and limited design within the action of selling. Advertising has ternion rudimentary objectives* Toinformclients close new harvest-festivals, experiences, go and some other information that they affect to be know.* Topersuadecustomers to purchase a computer address or product, to perceive a name and address or product differently or change a brand preference (as an illustration to perhaps change a customers preference for a destination or change of accommodation at a destination) or,* To instigatecustomers somewhat a destination or product, where it may be purc hased or how it may be purchased ( deemed). Good marketers see their confabulation channel from the customers run into forefront and organize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer establish on trust. Marketing is the ability to develop a mix of merchandising strategies to settle customers to acquire products and advantages.This mix consists of a set of quadruple decisions harvest-feast decisions, Pricing decisions, Distribution decisions, Promotional decisions. A product may be a tour package, an airline sit around, a destination, a hotel, a meal. The product should add welfargons to the customer the price ensures the product is priced at a take aim that reflects consumer value.The distribution comp iodinnt ensures access to the product in the expert stick at the right time in sufficient quantities to meet customer need.Related essay Why is Fish farming of Growing immenseness in Pakistan?ADVERTISINGPROMOTIONAdvertising is only atomic ph one number 53 fragment of the forwardingal mix. Advertising is particularised and is taken to mean mass intercourse via newspapers, magazines, radio, telecasting, billboards, the Internet, or direct-to-consumer communication via direct mail. Promotion eject be a short-term activity, but as wholesome as, when seen at a strategic level, it is mid- and long-term investment aimed at building up a consistent and credible collective or destination identity.THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN holiday shed light onrryIn the holidaymakerry and hospitality sectors, where the product is a service promotion is much vital than other industries. The phaetonry product is in actual, inseparable, covariant and destructible. at that pose is nothing tangible for the customer to examine beforehand(predicate) or to take away afterwards. The service is inseparable from its ware. The experience is variable quantity and subject to brokers beyond marketers control. The product is perish able and cannot be stored for sale. The customer purchases a holiday on the basis of symbolic expectations conventional promotion tout ensembley by means of words, pictures, sounds . tc. phaetonry experiences ar constructed in our imagination through publicise and the media. The touristry product is similarly a discretionary (optional) product, which de fracture be competing for both the customers time and money against essential items of expenditure and other discretionary purchases. These 5 attributes intangible, inseparable, variable, perishable and discretionary mean that the skill in touristry and leisure trade lies in creating the perceived value of the product. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS IN TOURISM AND LEISURE Advertising is a march of communication.Ads should persuade and suggest things that the consumer may not previously oblige considered and the persuasion process is achieved through ads. Advertising mustiness create immediate and measurable effects. When effecti ve, publicizing (communication) moves customers along a way from aw beness of a product to reinforcing post-purchase satisfaction.Stage 1 Aw arnessTarget market to be awargon of product.Stage 2 Comprehension strength customers to understand its larks and benefits.Stage 3 AcceptancePotential customers must decide that the product can meet their needs. Advertising plays a vital voice here.Stage 4 PreferenceAdvertising must offer for Potential customers a compelling reason to think that the product meets their needs.Stage 5 PurchaseAdvertising trigger offs customers to action or to buy the product. This objective is always linked to sales promotions.Stage 6 payoffTo confirm customers choices and create a sense of satisfaction about their actions or purchase.HOW ADVERTISING WORKS?4 key molds ar utilise in inventionning announce today gross r notwithstandingue response model Sales response model is a very(prenominal) childly price-establish model. It hike ups the purchase o f a product unpollutedly on the basis of its price. aspect model Persuasion model takes the ad as a starting point and if it is in effect compiled, its adjoin and put across should persuade the audience that the product presented is the best one . Brand advantage is secured by high wilding a special(prenominal) benefit of a product. Brand product casingistics + added value.Involvement Model It aims to interest and pursue the consumer. Once the interest is there, a relationship is created with the audience, to feel good about the product. The next step is the commitment to the product, resulting in increased sales.Saliency model It depends on innovative brand, product- aw beness. It moves the audience emotionally closer to the brand product. It generates a feeling of that product is for me.INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ADVERTISINGInternational touristry advertisingistourism-related marketing on the recess of a privy or public entity directed towards audiences abroad, and might ta rget potential be start outers and non- give-up the ghosters a alike. Wholly c degradeestine firms such(prenominal)(prenominal) as journey agencies, hotel chains, cruise agencies,non-governmental organizations.When readying tourism advertising it is essential to consider customer buying patterns when planning a holiday (even tourism manufacture provide). These be the usual steps for close to tidy sum. abuse 1 Type of holiday Usually the jump question iswhat typesetters facial expression of holiday do we take? This may be a seaside holiday, a touring by car holiday, perhaps a fishing trip, a restful quiet break in a fate retreat, a houseboat holiday or one of umpteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) other options.STEP 2 Location Where is the best key for our chosen type of holiday? pass on it be within the very(prenominal) adduce, inter plead, perhaps New Zealand? STEP 3 former(a) activities What else go forth we do while there? What other makeions or activities be available to enjoy? Other activities of appeal may be bushwalking, visiting wineries, playing golf, water skiing, river cruises, shopping, etc While there may be a main reason for visiting a destination, usually customers want to know about other features.STEP 4 Accommodation Where shall we stopover? What options argon there in type, standard and tariff? STEP 5 Dates and travel method When do we want to travel? How go awaying we travel? STEP 6 BookingsHow do we make bookings? Do we need to book in advance? Booking is as well a study c formerlyrn. c ar with information When formulating travel plans, frequently customers need information to assist with their decisions.The more or less customary sources of information be* Visitor Information Centres (reached by phone, netmail or writing)* Internet, websites are very touristed with both Australian customers, specially in cracking cities, and overseas visitors Destination brochures* Travel agents ( particularly for a round destinations reached by air function or cruises)* Automobile clubs (for touring customers)* Friends and relatives who become previously visited the intend holiday destination. It is all important(predicate) to note that picking of the destination is a material part of the process of planning leisure travel. If customers know little about the destination, it is not likely to be high on their list of favorite(a) pips to visit. The various steps higher up need to be kept in mind when designing tourism advertising.As the global travel market continues to expand with twelvemonthly increase flights among international destinations, advertising efforts on the part of the major actors in this market are also increasing. Advertising runnings to shape up travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in horse opera countries where the general publics expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high, even in light of the economical recession. M either advertisers , which take on both private entities and foreign governments themselves, grant the intended goal of increasing their own taxation by best-selling(predicate)izing their service (e. . , airline or hotel chain) or destination to pull in up receipts from travelers however, some travel campaigns defecate additional or preference purposes, such as promoting good public sentiments or improving active ones towards them among the target audience. nearlytimes, states may use the branding of a product or service, itself, as a means of conveying a specific means without explicitly stating the put across this tactic is often used to soften the implied message itself, thus allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and/or opposition. finish ADVERTISINGA majuscule degree of ads promoting foreign countries are bewilderd and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often serve asvehicles for political statements and/or depictionsof the dest ination rural areas desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a hardly a(prenominal) of the many examples of government- bugger offd tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions.BAHAMASThe Bahamas are habitually considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Caribbean and the island nation advertises itself as such.Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specifically foster the image of the islands providing a care-free, exciting, ethnicly liberal, and even romantic experience for travelers a recent slogan for the marketing campaign was Its better in the Bahamas to reenforce the contrast between the desired perception as a low-stress pick-me-up and the hectic nature of whatever living environment tourists would be going behind.The Bahamas read, however, truely customsally seen high violent crime rates,so the tourism marketing attempts to focus the audiences attention on the azure water and beaches and tie-in it away from any negative elements of life there. Managing perceptionsis a common part of advertising of many consumer products and function, focusing the audiences mind solely on the worthy aspects of whatever is being sold and away from any attainable drawbacks or consequences.INDIAThe common mintion ofIndiain the West has long been either negativeincluding perceptions of unsubtlespread poverty, lack of sophisticated hygiene, and violent ethnic and religious clashesor ambivalent, so the Indian governments Ministry of Tourism began a marketing campaign, unconvincingIndia, to accentuate the countrys rich finish, historic sites, tourist quarterions, and general sense of excitement and pizzaz to western audiences.Tourism is an extremely lucrative and maturement global industry so it is no surprise that India, a evolution nation, is striving to trespass on that market to boost its economy. In addition, India is also flavoring to al ter its international security and diplomatic ties while broadening and deepening its trade relationships, especially with the U. S ,so it is in Indias interest to advertise a positive light for itself among the American and western voting populations in enjoin to garner future international support and aid.MEXICORecently in 2010 the Tourism Board ofMexico, a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal, state, and municipal governments, launched a tourism advertising campaign in theUnited StatesandCanadathe new campaigns purpose is expressly demonstrated by its marketing slogan, Mexico, the place you thought you knew. The print and television ads feature views of Mexicos beaches, inwrought wonders, cultural festivities, and historical artifacts like Mayan pyramids and Spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions.The eventual goal of tourism board is likely to increase tourism revenue for the co untry, but, for now, the Tourism Board is focusing onmanaging perceptionsamong the general populations of Mexicos deuce major neighboring trade partners.MALAYSIAIn 1999, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called Malaysia, Truly Asia which was largely successful in bringing in over 7. 4 million tourists. The extra revenue recently generated by tourism helped the countrys economy during the economic crisis of 2008.However, it is mainly Malaysias strong government Regulations of the economy which enabled it to be barely affected by the recent 2008 global economic crisis. In recent days tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy. callable to the large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation, tourism has rock-bottom in affected areas.EMIRATESThrough advertising for the Emirates airline, one of the major themes that Dubai promotes is its evolving precondition as a key geographic and economic player in the Mi ddle East.Emirates advertising describe Dubai as The perfect hub for an expanding global meshingTHAILANDTourism is a major economic factor in the land of siamese nexusland, contributing an approximationd 6. 7% to Thailands GDP in 2007. The main marketing slogan for promoting Thailand internationally was amazing Thailand, but, in reaction to the 2009 tourism crisis, it was relaunched as Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value . By contrast, the main marketing slogan for promoting Thai tourism to the Thai is Unseen in Thailand.ABOUT TOURISM perseveranceTourism is the largest service industry inIndia. It contributes 6. 23% to thenational GDP. gibe toWorld Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness and thirty-ninth in terms of safety and security In 2011, total overseas Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5. 78 million. The majority of foreign tourists come to India from the States and UK, Kerala,Tamil Nadu,Delhi,Uttar P radeshandRajasthan are the top fiver states to receive inbound tourists. municipal tourism in 2011 was 740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra received the big parting of domestic visitors. Ministry of Tourism is the nodal position . It formulates national policies and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. Concerted efforts are being do by them to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the Incredible Indiacampaign.However inspite of these achievements, Indias tourism industry faces a number of problems such as* India has a actor shortage.* Insufficient accommodation* Unclean rooms effect tourism adversely.* intellectual nourishment problems concern the foreign tourists.* Many places in the interior of the country are not well-connected by proper roads, railroads or airways.* Excessive bureaucracy also delays new hotel and transportation projects, Tou rists are often exploited economically * Criminal elements in India can make visits to India unsafe for women and elderly tourists. The tourist attractions in India are also being damaged by pollution. petroleum refinery smoke is damaging the TajMahal, while ecosystems of the coasts, Rann of Kutch and the Himalayas are being strike by pollution. Areas Where Problems are Acute* Tourism problems are more(prenominal) common in the rural interior of the country. Orrisa is one of such places where problems are more.* These areas are rich in natural peach, but they often lack basic infrastructure and accommodations for tourists. Often these regions are highly agrarian. The Government is often inefficient to secure enough land for developing tourism infrastructure, because it adversely affects topical anesthetic anesthetic farmers.EFFECT OF TOURISM botherS IN INDIA* Tourism problems fork over contributed to Indias low share of 1 percent of the worlds total tourist arrival percentage . * It also leads to niggardliness of tourist attention to certain parts of the country. For example, the transport and communication industries of Delhi, Jaipur, Agra in northern India and Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri in Orissa are preferred over other all bit attractive Indian destinations.These problems also shorten the tourist placate in India, which in spell leads to unemployment in off-seasons Future of Tourism * Despite all the problems with tourism in India, the industry has a bright future. * Tourist arrivals in 2012 are expected to rise 22 percent * Foreign transform earnings from this industry are predicted to rise 33 percent above 2004 earnings. * The positive expectations brace been based on the current growth rate of the industry which is being attributed to the fast-growing Indian economy for the past three to four grades. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 * Indi as rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents hereditary pattern and cultural tourism along with medical, personal credit line and sports tourism.TOURISM IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA ANDHRA PRADESHThe state of Andhra Pradesh has scenic hills, forests, beaches and temples. It is one of the close developed cities in the country and a modern hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology.Hyderabad is know for its rich history, market-gardening and architecture representing Its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India, and has a multilingual culture. It is called as urban center of nawabs Andhra Pradesh has many far-famed temples * Tirupati -the abode of maestro Venkateswara is the richest and most visited religious center (of any faith) in the world. Srisailam- the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. * Amravatis shivah temple is one of th e Pancharamams. ATTRACTIONS * Charminar Center of the Hyderabad Old urban center. GolkondaFort Largest and 400 years oldest fort. * Makka Masjid Masjid in Hyderabad city. * Ramoji Film City Largest Film City in the world set(p) in Hyderabad City. * The chromatic beaches atVisakhapatnam, elegant Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, are some of the natural attractions of the state.ARUNANCHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh is a serene land tucked into the North Eastern tip of India.ATTRACTIONS * It has picturesque hills and valley * on that point are places of worship and piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years old Tawang Monastery. at that place are also sites of archeological excavations like Malinithan and Itanagar, the serene debaucher of lakes such as Ganga lake or Sela lake or the numerous variations of scenic beauty of the snow clad silver mountain peaks and lush green meadows. ASSAM Assam is the underlying state in theNorth-East Regionof India and serves as the gateway to the rest of theSeven Sister States.ATTRACTIONS * Assam has notable wildlife preserves TheKaziranga National Park, which is home to the huge Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros. Manas National Parkwhich is one of the most notable place of Assam * Tezpur, tea-estate. ,bazaars, temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. BIHAR Bihar is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world . The rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerable antiquatedmonuments that are dotted all over thisstate ineastern India.ATTRACTIONS * Patna Patna is the capital of Bihar, notable for its rich history and royal architecture. * GayaGaya is know forBodh Gayathe place at whichGautama Buddha attained enlightenment. Muzaffarpur Muzzaffarpur is illustrious for its education. * Sasaram Sasaram is famous for Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, the great Emperor ofmedieval India.CHHATTISGARH Chhattisgarhis a new state but with an superannuated civilization and is one of the richest bi o-diversity areas in the country. There are many tourist attractions worth seeing.ATTRACTIONS * The state is blessed by nature with magnificent waterfalls, mountains, forests and wildlife Chitrakot Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra,Bhoramdeo temple,Sirpur,Rajim,RatanpurandMalhar. DELHI Delhiis the capital city of India.New Delhiis famous for its British colonial architecture, wide roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous political landmarks.ATTRACTIONS * It currently has many renowned historic monuments and landmarks such as theTughlaqabad fort,Qutub Minar,Purana Quila,Lodhi Gardens,Jama Masjid,Humayuns tomb,Red Fort, andSafdarjungs Tomb. * Modern monuments includeJantar Mantar,India Gate,Rashtrapati Bhavan,Laxminarayan synagogue,Lotus templeandAkshardham Temple * It also has national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindi temples, green parks, and trendy malls.GOA Goais one of the most famoustourist destinationsin India. It is a former colony ofPort ugal.ATTRACTIONS * Goa is famous for its splendiferous beaches, Portuguese churches, Hindu temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. * TheBasilica of Bom Jesus,Mangueshi Temple,Dudhsagar Falls andShantadurgaare famous attractions in Goa. * Recently a Wax Museum (Wax World) has also opened in Old Goa housing a number of wax personalities of Indian history, culture and heritage. GUJARAT Gujarat is the seventh largest state inIndia, located in the western part of India.It is the tenth most popular state in the country for tourists . It is also known asWorlds largest Temple Complex, there are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrungaya hills, exquisitely mould in marble. ATTRACTIONS * Gujarat offers scenic beauty from groovy Rann of Kutchto the hills of Saputara. * Gujarat is the sole home of the pureAsiatic Lions. * Gujarat offers many types of tourism like Business Tourism, archeological & heritage Tourism, cultural Tourism, religious Tourism, wildlife Tourism, medical Tourism and mu ch more. HARYANA cracking of Haryana is Chandigarh ,which is a union territory. Haryana Pilgrim Destinations offers the devotes with a wide range of sacred places which are of ample religious and historical significance. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places in order to seek bode blessings and eternal happiness. The state of Haryana has a long historical and cultural tradition which is manifested in the numerous religious places which fills the tourist with an intense sense of satisfaction. nearly of the notable Pilgrim Destinations of Haryana areATTRACTIONS * Kurukshetra- The historical place of Kurukshetra is the cradle of Hindu civilization. The rocky battle field of the sanctified land of Kurukhshetra is a witness to the handling between the mighty and valiant ruler Arjuna and his divine charioteer Lord Krishna. * Jyotisar- The superannuated place of Jyotisar is the nurturing ground of the value s and principles that guide the oldest religion of the world, the Hindu religion.The significance of the place lies in the fact that the holy religious text of the Hindus, the Bhagwad Gita was complied in this sacred place * Thanesar- The sacred place of Thanesar has two important religious temples of the Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple and the Ma Bhadra Kali Temple that draws several devotees throughout the year * Pehowa- The holy land of Pehowa is an important religious place among the Hindus, who pray to the dead soul member of their family and offer Pind Daan o release them from the cycle of birth and re-birth * Panchkula- The ravishing place of Panchkula offers the tourist with numerous places of religious and historical importance, including Morni hills and Tikkar Taal.HIMACHAL PRADESH ATTRACTIONS * Himachal Pradeshis famous for itsHimalayanlandscape paintings and popularhill-stations. Many outdoor activities such asrock climbing,mountain biking, paragliding,ice-skating, andhelico pter-skiingare popular tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh. * Shimla, the state capital, is very popular among tourists.. Shimla is also a famousskiingattraction in India.Other popular hill stations includeManaliandKasauli. * Dharamshala, home of theDalai Lama, is known for its Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples. Manytrekkingexpeditions also begin here.JAMMU AND KASHMIR Jammu & Kashmiris known for its scenic landscape . Jammu and Kashmiris the northernmost state of India. It is also called as Paradise on humans.ATTRACTIONS * Jammuis noted for its scenic landscape, ancient temples and mosques, Hindu and Muslim shrines, castles, gardens and forts. * The Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath inKashmir Valleyattracts about Vaishno Devialso attract thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Notable places areDal Lake,Srinagar, Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc. * Ladakhhas emerged as a major hub for adventure tourism . It consistsof naked peaks and deep gorges. Leh, the capital, is also a growing tourist spot.KARNATAKA Karnataka has been ranked as fifth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. It has the guerilla highest number of protected monuments in India, and 507 KannadadynastieslikeKadambas,WesternGangas,Chalukyas,Rashtrakutas,HoysalaVijayanagarasand theKingdom of Mysore.ATTRACTIONS * Gol Gumbaz,Bijapur, has the irregular largest pre-modern dome in the world fter the ByzantineHagiaSophia. Karnatakahas two world heritage sites, atHampi andPattadakal. * Jog falls ofShimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. * Karnataka has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds. * Karnataka has many beaches atKarwar,Gokarna,Murdeshwara,and Surathkal. Karnataka is a rock climbers paradise. * Fort in Chitradurga, Ramnagaram district nearBangalore, Shivagangein inTumkurdistrict and tekal inKolardistrict are a rock climbers heaven.KERALA Keralais a state on the tropicalMala bar Coastof southwestern India.Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. it is also called Gods own country.ATTRACTIONS * Popular attractions in the state include the beaches atKovalam,Kappad, Muzhuppilangad, Cherai and Varkala. * The hill stations ofMunnar,Thekkady, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi andWayanad. * The National Parks/ Wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam . * The backwaters regionan considerable net consort of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre onAlleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada also see heavy tourist traffic. Cities such asKochi,Thrissur,KozhikodeandTrivandrumare popular centres for shopping and tralatitious theatrical performances. MADHYA PRADESH Madhya Pradeshis called the Heart of India because of its location in the centre of the country. Madhya Pradesh is also known asTiger Statebecause of the tiger population. ATTRACTIONS * Innumerable monuments, e xquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the state. * The temples ofKhajurahoare world-famous for their erotic sculptures. * Gwalioris famous for its fort, Jai Vilas Palace, the Tomb of Rani Lakshmibai, Md.Ghaus & Tansen. * National parks like Kanha, Bandhavgadh, Shivpuri are famous for tigers.MAHARASHTRA Maharashtra is the most visited state in India by foreign tourists. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra which was in the beginning called Bombay. Mumbaiis the most popular cosmopolitan city in India, and a great place to experience modern India. Mumbai is famous forBollywood, the worlds largest film industry. In addition, Mumbai is famous for its clubs, shopping, and upscale gastronomy.ATTRACTIONS * Ajanta Caves,Ellora Cavesand ancientElephanta CavesareinMaharashtra. IslamicHaji AliMosque, to the colonial architecture ofBombay High CourtandChhatrapati Shivaji Terminusallare in Maharashtra . * It also has numerous adventure tourism destinations, inc ludingparagliding,rock climbing,canoeing,kayaking,snorkeling, andscuba diving. * Maharashtra also has several pristine national parks and reserves, some of the best ones are Tadoba with excellent accommodation and safari experiences . * The city ofPunethe seat of theMaratha Empireand the fantasticGanesh Chaturthicelebrations unitedly contribute for the Tourism sector of Maharashtra. MANIPURManipuras the happen upon suggest is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, spring, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate devising it a tourists favourite place.ATTRACTIONS * The scenic and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (brow antlered deer) and the floating islands atLoktak Lakeare few of the archaic things found in Manipur. * Othermain tourist attractions areImphal Churachandpur Keibul Lamjao National Park,War cemeteries and Loktak Lake.MEGHALAYA Meghalaya has some of the thickest endure forests in the country.Therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the country today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. bobfloat is the capital of Meghalaya.ATTRACTIONS * TheUmiam Lake has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, glide boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. * Cherrapunjeeis one of the most popular tourist . * The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls,Langshiang Fallsand Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. ORISSA Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals atUdayagiri. ATTRA CTIONS * Khandagiri Caves, Lalitagiri as well as Ratnagiri, on the banks of river Birupa are very famous. Precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavated monasteries,viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in c leadets and the Rock-edicts ofAshoka. * Orissa is also famous for its well-preserved Hindu Temples, especially theJagnath Temple at Puri,Konark Sun TempleandThe Leaning Temple of Huma. WEST BENGAL Kolkata is the capital ofWest Bengal. It is called City of Palaces and the City of Joy. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. It is famous for sarees and sweets and leather bags and shoes.ATTRACTIONS It is famous for howrah bridge which is very uniquely constructed * Metro build up and planetariums are other tourist attractionsPONDICHERRY TheUnion TerritoryofPondicherrycomprises four coastal regions viz- Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Pondicherry is the Capital of this Union Territ ory and one of the most popular tourist destinations inSouth India.ATTRACTIONS * The city has many beautiful colonial buildings, churches, temples. * It has statues, combined with the taxonomic town planning and the well plotted French style avenues. PUNJAB The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history.Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Chandigarh is the capital of panjab. some(prenominal) of the main cities in Punjab areAmritsar,Chandigarh, Patiala andLudhiana. Punjab also has a richSikh religioushistory and tourists visiting on a daily basis.ATTRACTIONS * Amritsar is a big tourist spot, a lot of five star hotels are there . it is famous for Wagha border which is border of India and Pakistan and Jallianwalla Bagh Hatiyakand. * Chandigarh has famous lake sukna lake,rose garden,rock garden where monuments are made of waste articleRAJASTHANRajasthan known as pink city of india , is one of the most attractive tourist destinations inNorthern India. The vast sand dunes of theThar Desertattract millions of tourists from around the globe every year.ATTRACTIONS * Jaipur The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Jodhpur Jodhpur is the Fortress-city at the edge of theThar Desert, famous for its blue homes and architecture. * Udaipur Udaipur is known as the Venice of India. * Jaisalmer Jaisalmer is famous for its golden fortress. * Bikaner Bikaner is famous for its medieval history as a trade bridle-path outpost. Mount Abu Mount Abu is the highest peak in theAravalli RangeofRajasthan. * Pushkar Pushkar has one of the very fast Brahma temples in the world. * RanthamboreIt has one of the largest national parks in India.SIKKIM The capital of Sikkim isGangtok, it is located approximately 105 kilometers fromNew Jalpaiguri, the adjacent railway station to Sikkim. Sikkim is considered as the land of orchids, mystic cultures and colorful traditions. ATTRACTIONS * Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers. * Places near Sikkim includeDarjeelingalso known as the top executive of Hills andKalimpong. Although, an airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra which is famous for imported items at cheap price. * The popular sightsee places include Baba Mandir, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, Handicraft Shops and Tsangpo Lake.TAMIL NADU Tamil Nadu is the top state in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India it is famous for many temples and other tourist spots. It is also known for medical tourism and has some of Asias largest hospital.ATTRACTIONS * It has Great Living Chola TemplesandMahabalipuram. Tamil Nadu has some great temples likeMadurai,Meenakshi ,Amman Temple andBrihadeeswarar Temple. * Kanyakumariis the southmost tip of India provides scenic view of sunset and sunshine over the Indian ocean.. Hill stations likeKodaikanal,Ooty,Valparai,Yelagiriare widely visited.UTTAR PRAD ESH It is Situated in the northern part of India, bordered with the capital of India,New Delhi. Uttar Pradeshis the most popular tourist destination in India. Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of historical monuments and religious fervour.Uttar Pradeshis the historical heart land of India, where each part of the state is attached with ancient history, civilization, religions and culture.ATTRACTIONS * Varanasi- It is the origin of Hinduism and worlds one of the oldest cities. It is also known as City of Temples . It is near popular holy place of lordShivadevotees. Some of the finestTextilesare produced here. * AgraTaj Mahaland several others historical monuments and gardens. * AllahabadorPrayag It is the place where Indian national rivers, group,YamunaandSaraswati rivers meet. A mass Hindu pilgrimage n whichHindusgather at the Ganges river. Akbarforts. One of the most popular religious center of ancient and modern India for Hinduism. UttarPradeshs administrative and educati on capital. * Kanpur It is Uttar Pradeshs commercial and Industrial hub. Has several historical places fromMughal,Britishera. * Mathura- It is the birth place of LordKrishnaofHinduismandNeminath ofJainism. * Ayodhya- It is the birth place of LordRamaofHinduism. * Jhansi-It is a historical place. This city was centre of RaniLakshmibais battlefield againstBritish. * Sarnath-Gautama Buddha first taught theDharma here.The eleventh Jain Tirthankar of theJainism. * NoidaandGreater Noida- These are the IT,Electronicsand education hub ofNorthern India. Indias biggest city with planned and high teck residential area. * Gorakhpur is famous forJim Corbett National Parkand Nainital. break out B ABOUT THE SUBJECT TOURISM Tourismistravelforrecreational,leisureorbusinesspurposes. TheWorldTourism Organizationdefinestouristsas people traveling to and staying in places out of doors their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.Tourism is the fastest growing, industry in the world. It is also one of the worlds most competitive sectors. The completion is increasing as more and more countries seek to attract tourist and more companies and organization become involved in the highly skilled business of transporting, accommodating and catering for tourists. Tourism needs to be marketed, just as any other product, indeed more so, because it is an industry in which the apostrophizeumer still has an immense variety of choice. There are a number of destinations competing with each other to get a bigger and bigger share of the market.As employ to the tourism industry, the important functions of marketing are to bring about an sensation of the product in the minds of the consumers in the market areas. This is make by way of promotion.TOURISM PROMOTION Tourism promotion is one of the elements of the marketing mix and an important tool for marketing. The term promotion is interpreted and defined in many ways. Basically, the pur pose of promotion is to inform. Or persuade, to encourage or, more specially, to influence the potential customers or trade intermediaries (travel agent, tour operators, reservation, services, hotel and operate manner).Like in any other industry, successful marketing in tourism cannot rely only on a product of the right kind, on a market related pricing policy and on a reliable and effective distribution network, systematic communications with true and potential customers and with the trade intermediaries bridging the gap between producer on the one hand and the customer on the other is also needed. The consumer must be aware of the existence of a tourist place of a tourist product. How is the awareness to be brought about in minds of the consumers in the market areas?Some of the easily identifiable methods are advertising, sales support and public relations. These are the three major marketing tools which any organization uses to information actual as well as a potential customer . Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Good marketers see their business from the customers view point and organize their entire enterprises to develop relationships with the customer based on trust.advertizing Advertisement may be defined as any activity designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services.It plays a crucial role in marketing a tourist product. The tourism ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaign such as the Incredible India campaign, which promoted Indias culture and touristss attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped to create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The gush purpose of advertising is to create awareness.The ultimate purpose of advertising and promotion is to influence hu man behavior, to motivate and to manipulate demand. Advertising has been added importance where it is used in a supportive role to complement other campaign elements, such as promotional print, tactical price cuts, and sales promotion are often required to make a prospective customer aware of the existence of the other campaign elements. The two most important considerations in effective advertising are the medium which provide the reach, and the message, which provides the communication . n travel and tourism, the special role of sales literature, which is partly sales promotion and partly distribution, must also be included in marketing communication. While the choice of promotional techniques are important to motivate and move consumers they volition not bear results if facilitation techniques have not been diligent to market undemanding for motivated people to achieve purchases. Advertising enables you to promote a specific message to a wide audience but unlike pr its not fre e It can be an extremely expensive promotional tool which is notoriously difficult to evaluate.Advertising is good for creating and building awareness but this is not necessarily the same as the building scales. There are few organizations that cant benefit in some way from advertising campaign, but to repress wasted efforts and expense, it must be even more carefully planned than any other promotional activity. Advertising usually has either tactical or strategic objectives. Strategic advertising is concerned with creating awareness of markets, and of products, of developing an organization s identity and image.Strategic advertising takes a longstanding term view. Tactical advertising is aimed at specific market segments, and persuading them to go to a particular place or buy a certain service, sometimes at a particular time. Tactical advertising takes a more shot to medium term view. SELECTION OF MEDIAHow much ever you plan your advertising in advance, there will always be occas ions when an advertising sales person yells you with a special offer. Some of these might be genuine. Most are not. ou should do your best to defy there will be another opportunity and your advertising will be much more effective if it is proactive and planned quite a than reliant on those last minute special offers , especially if they are for new publications which no which no one has hear of and which disappear almost instantly. The selection of appropriate media is usually based on three criteria1. make up of space- in the print media on time radio, TV and cinema screen. make up is obviously very important and is expressed in terms of cost per thousand contacts. Whilst being a utile yardstick it only provides an estimate of potential readers or people who may see an advertisement. Usually a larger the circulation the lower is the cost per thousand.2. Suitability if graphics colour or movement is required the medium must be suitable.3. Appropriateness the chosen medium mu st be appropriate for the product or service being promoted and clearly targeted. Before booking any soace or time, telephone the advertising departments of the media you are interested in and remove for a repeat of their media pack.This outlines the various advertising opportunities, costs, and profile of readers, viewers or listeners, as well as giving technical data for the publication or programme. For most organizations their budgetary restrictions will limit their choice to advertising in publications rather than on television or radio. Television has been proven as an excellent and very persuasive medium but is expensive. Not only is the cost of time slots costly but also the production of good advertisements.If you have sufficient budget for television advertising you should use an advertising agency to help you buy the time as well as produce an effective advertisement. Radio advertising is cheaper than television and can be useful for events and tourism products which ar e easy to buy such as well known attractions . radio advertising is less effective for products and services which need detailed explanations. The choice of publications in which to advertise is vast. In addition to local and national press, there are also special interest magazines and tourist board guides . f you run any special interest holidays ,these magazines are very useful. When you have obtained media packs and information about relevant publications, use the succeeding(a) criteria to draw up a short list. Profile of readership Do the readers oppose to your target markets? The readership profile should detail readers in terms of age and socio economic profile, as well as giving move on details about hobbies and interests, and any re bet about holiday-taking habits. Tourism products are a major source of revenue for many publications so they will usually have more detailed information available if you ask for it.Readership Most publications will give their circulation and readership figures. The readership figures are more interesting because these acquaint the actual number of people who will see and read publication, not just buy it. For some publications will give their circulation and readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read the publication, not just buy it. For some publications there will be a big difference between the circulation and readership figures.Some of the more up market monthly magazines have relatively low circulation figures but a long shelf life and high readership figures-particularly when they are the types of publication you see in doctors and dentists surgeries When considering readership figures, breast also at the distribution method for the publication. Is it one which people really demand, by buying it at a newsagents or requesting it from a tourist information centre? Or one which arrives un -requested through the letterbox? result date We will need t o plan ahead and choose publications whose written matter dates you can meet.Even more important are publication dates. If most people plan and book their holiday with you in November, there is little point advertising in a publication which appears in may, unless it is tactical advertising and you are looking for top-up business. The media pack will probably include details of forthcoming features which might be relevant to you. Sometimes it is a good idea to advertise within a relevant feature but remember that competitors will probably be doing the same. It can be useful to stand alone and make a bigger impact at anothertime, if the timing is right for you.Advertising rates The deciding factor will inevitably be whether or not you can soften to advertise in your chosen publications and if it is cost-effective . set your budget in advance and stick to it. You might decide to place your advertising through an agency which shouldnt actually cost you anything because they will take a commission from the the publications, and May already have special rates. When placing advertisements always ask if theres any chance of editorial coverage and the name of the person you should contact. Evaluating advertising campaignsTheyll never find out which half of your advertising budget was a good investment unless you oversee it. keep a record of the media in which you advertised, when and the cost . make sure that all staff are aware of the need to monitor advertising expenditure and ask them to make a point of asking people who book with you where they heard about you, and to make a note of this. You can also monitor which publications work for you by using different types of advertisement, such as specific packages or codes when people are asked to complete tear off vouchers for further information.Monitoring advertising campaigns is more difficult for destinations and attractions where people simply turn up. Where-ever possible you should conduct brief visitor survey s (using students on work placements is an easy way of doing this) questioning representative group or people at difficult times of the year. you will be able to increase the effectualness of any advertising if it is carefully thought through and planned in advance . advertising should also be integrated into the marketing plan so activities can be dovetailed . you will raise more awareness of your product.Advertising on outdoor and non-print media. The past 20 years have seen dramatic shifts in advertising, as TV press and radio have become increasingly fragmented and diverse as audience media enjoyment continually changes. This means that the marketer has much more choices in which advertising medium to choose from and if you know the media, or in this case, travelling habits of your target market, should make reaching them a lot easier than merely hoping they will be watching an episode of Coronation Street on a Wednesday night.If you are in the market to buy media space ,thing s have been sewn up by Viacom outdoor, who sell space on behalf of transport for capital of the United Kingdom,including buses,london underground ,docklands light railway, and the major train ,tram and coach networks . nice and easy Rail advertising Rail advertising offers opportunities to reach a broad audience, from daily business commuters to leisure travelers . rail sites offer the benefit of long-lasting dwell-time, allowing more detailed copy, and aiding brand recall.There is a wide selection of sites across several major rail networks throughout the uk,including central trains(across the midlands and beyond),chiltern railways(commuter connection from London Marylebone to Birmingham),gner(east coast mainline s service between london king,s cross and Scotland )and merseyrail(key commuter network in the north west). This can work well for local advertisers to complement existing mixed media ,or as part of a Uk wide rail campaign . There is a wide range of campaign options and a ssociations costs, but to give an example of a four week campaign the following costs.Could apply. Below are some examples of the main media options available Tube car panels Tube car panels can be found inside the carriages and benefit from a captive audience for an fair(a) of 13 minutes every journey. Escalator and stair panels. They are situated in a range of locations across the networks and are available to buy as part of general distribution packs, line by line and in special packs.DOS AND donTS OF ADVERTISING1. DO HAVE A PLAN No matter how pocketable or how large is the tourism destination or tourism business, there needs to be an annual marketing plan, even a simple one. It does not need to be complex but the plan will provide direction and help make better decisions about advertising opportunities as they arise.2. DO HAVE A BUDGET Many advertising opportunities look too good to miss but are they? If there is a set budget for marketing for the year, this imposes self-dis cipline on how funds are allocated. Advertisements should be within budget to avoid problems related to financing of advertisements.3. DO HAVE A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE There should be a business objective. Some suggested business objectives could be* To stimulate demand in a shoulder period. These advertisements may have a retail onrush using packages to attract customers* TO promote a new feature like an attraction, extending trading hours, a motel adding a dining room or a houseboat operator adding new houseboats to the fleet* To compete against new competition by reminding customers that they will still be welcome4. DO HAVE A CLEAR REASON FOR ANY advertizing The days have foregone when advertisements can be scheduled without a clear business reason. What the advertisement is designed to achieve should be stated up front so that evaluation is easier.5. DO RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF DESTINATION MARKETING either tourism business needs to be cognisant of the importance of destination marketing. If the customers do not visit your destination and go somewhere else, no tourism business or any other business will earn any revenue from visitors.6. DO CONSIDER CAREFULLY THE FORMATOF ADVERTISEMENT Many regional tourism businesses spend money on advertisements that give-up the ghost to produce results. Often they blame the newspaper, magazine, or other medium which was used. Far too often the advertisement fails because it has a format that does not attract the attention of customers. The Advertising formats section of this paper has further details. donTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS DONT WASTE MONEY ON ONE-OFF ADVERTISEMENTS Advertising only once in any consumer newspaper, magazine, trade press, radio, TV or any other medium does not usually achieve anything. It takes a series of advertisements to have impact. Tourism businesses that schedule one advertisement should not be affect when they get no response.DONT WASTE MONEY ON SMALL ADVERTISEMENTS Some tourism businesses say t hat they have a small budget and can only afford a small advertisement in consumer print media. In that instance it is recommended that other marketing techniques be used. Small advertisements usually are not seen by customers and become a waste of money. The exception is classified sections in newspaper regular travel features and automobile club magazines. They are read by prospective customers.DONT STRUCTURE ADVERTISEMENTS TO PLEASE YOU. DESIGN THEM FOR TOURISTS When a customer sees any tourism advertising, always at the back of their mind, in some form, is the question, whats in it for me? If customers cannot see any benefits to enjoy, the sale (booking or attraction entry) will be lost.DONT USE PHOTOGRAPHS WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE pose FROM A FAMILY ALBUM Tourism destinations and tourism businesses sometimes use photos that look as if they have been taken from a family snapshot album. Such photos can be a real turn off. Any tourism destination or tourism product needs to use phot ographs that impress customers otherwise they may think your destination or product is second rate. If this occurs not only will you have saved a few bob in the expenditure column, but the revenue column will be down too. When choosing a professional photographer to take photos it can help to choose a photographer skilled in tourism photos.As an example a photographer who is good with wedding photos may not have the skills for tourism photos which are quite different.DONT HAVE BLAND AND UNINTERESTING COPYUnlike other products, tourism is about enjoyment, excitement, adventure, special interest, relaxation and particularly different experiences. Destinations that are more successful have emotive advertising supported by brochures which attract customers with their carefully selected pictures, appealing design and exciting copy. Advertisements that use bland and soporiferous copy cannot expect tobe competitive, orenthuse customers about their destination or tourism product.ADVERTISEM ENT FORMATSRegional tourism spends large sums each year on advertising but how much proves to be effective? Many advertisements fail to produce results, and poor design is often the reason. Advertisements that work follow a number of basic rules. First and foremost, successful advertisements carry a strong message that relates to the reader. It grabs their attention, and excites their interest by presenting customer benefits in a compelling, involving way. The advertisement posture describes the one key selling pointhat will enthuse the reader.This should have no more than eight words.MARKETING There have been various attempts to define marketing but so far no universally real definition has been devised . this is perhaps due to the fact that marketing as a compresive management function is farily concept which effectively only started to be applied in the early 1950s . like most innovations , marketing has been bit by bit adoptes be increasing the number of enterprises mainly in the fields of consumer products with diverse ideas developed as to what it should embrace and how its priciples should be implemented . n the last few decades , however , marketing has become an established management process and practice in most industries.FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING Marketing of tourism product has certain peculiar characterstics. although general principles of marketing of products of other industries could be applicable so marketing of tourist product , there are a certain differences in approach . these differences are because of peculiar character of tourist product . amoung the peculiaities of the tourist product are -TOURISM IS AN intangible asset , NON MATERIAL harvestingNo transfer of ownership of goods is involved as compared to a tangible product say for example , in case of sale of a motor car , certain facilities , installations , items of equipment are made available for a specified time and for specified use . merchandise and consumption of tou rist services are closely interrelated The travel agent or tour operator who sells this product cannot store it . production can only be completed if the customer is actually present. There is a close link between production and consumption of tourist services.Most tourists services cannot be consumed incrementally, in the other words, consumption, once begun, cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified at all.A TOURIST PRODUCT IS ASSEMBLED BY MANY PRODUCERSThe tourist product cannot be provided as adept enterprises. Each of the components of a tourist product is highly specialized and together makes the final product. This is not so in the case of the other tangible products where one manufacturer produces a total product. In tourism on the other hand, an airline considers seats flown or passenger miles to be its product measures its production.TOURISM DEMAND IS HIGHLY UNSTABLEThe demand is influenced by factors such as seasonal, economic, political, et. The seasonal changes greatl y affect the demand. Seasonality means that tourism works is frequently used for a limited part of the year and consequently uneconomic . many tourist areas have a short season usage is the seasonal unemployment, which is a serious problem. Some of the developing countries which have recently established tourist industries suffer particularly from seasonality.DOMINANT economic consumption OF INTERMEDIARIES In most industries, manufacturers have a predominant control over product design, distribution and promotion and pricing. On the other hand in tourism, sales intermediaries like a tour operators, travel agents, reservation services and hotel brokers play a very dominant role and enjoy winner marketing strength. From the stand point of tourism marketing this strong position of the travel trade has significant implications. The travel trade determines to large end which services will be sold and to whom .DIVERSE MOTIVATIONSIt is comparatively simple to determine why people buy a certain make of refrigerators, smoke certain brands of cigarettes, and use certain brands of toothpaste.The subjective and objective reasons, expectations and desires which influence tourists choice for a certain holiday destination, type of accommodation and holiday activities are far less evident.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch refers to the search for Knowledge. At is scientific investigation for the Search for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and referring problem, formulating solutions, collecting, organizing, evaluating data, making conclusions and carefully testing.TITLE OF THE get hold ofA study on portion of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India.INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDYAdvertising may be defined as a form ofcommunicationused to encourage orpersuadean audience (viewers, readers or listeners. Sometimes a specific group of people. ) To continue or take some new action. Advertisement helps to promote tourism by providing people with information r egarding various places which are known as well apart(p) to people. Attractive advertisement of a place motivates people to go to the place and hence increase the tourism. Hence this is a study to analyse the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAdvertisements and publicity play an important role in promotion of tourism in any country. In India numerous advertisements are made every year, however less importance is given to tourism advertisements and publicity. In absence of effective advertisement about tourist places, tourism suffers badly which in turn affect the GDP and employment in the country. Many places in different parts of India like Kerala, Goa etc have remained unexplored and untapped in absence of proper promotion and advertisements This project aims at analyzing the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo understand the relationship of advertisement and tourism * To identify the prominent mode of advertisement used in promoting tourism * To study the tourist attitude towards advertisement * To understand the need of advertising in tourism * To suggest few changes in tourism planning so that the Indian tourism development corporation (ITDC) can reform its advertising and promotion. NEED OF THE STUDY Through this study it would be possible to find out how effective has the role of advertisement been for promoting tourism in India and also the ways in which it can improve tourism in the country.It intends to find answers to the problems and shortcomings in tourism infrastructure development in India and tourism support services such as quantity and quality of publictransport ,accommodation, shopping,information services and internet and tel