How Has Architecture Developed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How Has computer architecture Developed - Essay ExampleStudies have, however, revealed that the first structures that compound architectural designs with respect to beauty and outlook were the worshipping places (Watkin, 2005 43). The prevailing cultures and religion greatly influenced the type of structures which were constructed in a particular region or place (Ching, 2006 89). Geography also dictated the type of buildings designed and put in up. Today, architecture is no less than science. It is due to the development skills of those in the field of architecture that somewhat grand structures are seen today. The tall and strong buildings, huge bridges and complex structures are attributed to the creativity architectural experts (Hugh, 2000 20).Architecture was an important discipline in the ancient times and its importance continues to be seen today. All the existing designs are a proof that the field has been developing. The growth and development is still ongoing albeit bei ng influenced by some factors like geography, religion and societal

Recycled Aggregates lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Recycled Aggregates - Lab Report ExampleThis may happen at normal temperatures. The synthetic and natural pozzolan textile is used as supplementary materials of cementations. In any cases, the artificial pozzolan could be made in a deliberate manner through the thermal activation of the clays kaolin to give the metalaolin. In early(a) cases, the material can be obtained as a byproduct from the processes of graduate(prenominal) temperature desire the fly ashes given out by the production of the coal fire electricity. The industrial by-products like the metakaolin, burned residues of organic matter like rice husk, fly ash, and fume silica obtained from smelting of silicon are commonly used pozzolans. The use of these pozzalans is reported to be well established in different countries (Smith 15). supply high quality by products of pozzolan has limitation since many another(prenominal) local sources have been fully exploited. Different alternatives to the pozzolanic by product should be realized to expand the range of the byproducts of the industry and to increase the usage of the pozzolans. In some(a) locations, the natural pozzolan may be found in abundance. This material is used as a Portland cement addition in countries like Germany. A significant portion of the natural pozzolan used in many countries has a volcanic origin. The pumices, volcanic ashes, are mostly used since they are deposits having altered volcanic glass. The volcanic glass is changed to zeolites through interacting with alkaline liquid like water. The sedimentary deposits are not common.On the other hand, the recycled aggregates are reused construction or industrial by-products, which were once considered as wastes or rather damped. The aggregates are obtained from the material processing that was previously used in the construction. The material is produced through screening, and crushing the previously used cover structures and concrete. In other cases, the asphalt may be crushed to obtain the aggregate. In many cases, the acquire aggregates may be

Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management - Assignment congresswomanSFC developed a risk matrix of the possible risks likely to occur during the implementation of the project expand the mitigation cadencys.SFC currently has other projects that are not completed. If it wins the contract, the schedule of the other projects will be interfered. SFC cannot submit to to lose the contract for the City project because of the proceeds expected from its completion. Mitigation measure for the risk, SFC has decided to cover with the other clients and come up with a new realistic schedule to complete the homes. It will be beneficial to SFC to winning their customers trust and loyalty. The two employees present at SFC will not be enough to complete the current projects and that for Gig city. The employees will be strained making them inefficient in delivering flavor services to the client especially that for constructing tourism facilities. This will risk SFC in failing to win future day contracts from the Gig Harb or Council. SFC has identified hiring of new personnel will be the suitable mitigation measure for this risk. There is also a possibility of the prices complex body part materials to increase this is due to the booming construction business, hence high demand for the materials. An increase the cost of materials will have an adverse impact on the community since it was not budgeted for, during the planning stage. SFC identifies this risk as severe since it will not only affect the construction of tourism facility but other projects. The mitigation for this is to liaise with finance companies, who will step in during a financial crisis. SFC has a duty to protect its reputation for the City project and therefore trim down material requirement will result to a sub-standard work. If the completion of the construction of tourism facilities does not stick out deadline, then SFC management should make an effort to discuss with the Council prior the actual deadline. It will make the Cou ncil aware(predicate) and also gain trust from

REVERSED DYNAMICS Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REVERSED DYNAMICS - Movie Review Example2) miscellaneous relationships have always been debatable ground for society as a whole and irrespective of gender people in interracial relationships do grab unwelcome eyeballs from their near and dear ones. However, there are many significant instances which prove that women and men are indeed viewed and judged on a different scale.In the movie Something New, Kenya, a black woman is denounced by her mother and younger brother for blind geological dating, and moreover, dating a white man, while her brother forms a new relationship every few weeks, and is shut up the object of their mothers adulation.Also, in the essay written by Ruben Martinez, the author being of brown skin is jilted by white daughters. He mentions I hadnt stopped to notice that there wasnt a single interracial couple on the entire campus, except for a few Anglo-Asian pairings (always white boy and Asian girl never the other way around). (Martinez 255).Thus, the gende r bias again comes in the forefront, although in a wonky manner.Therefore, in spite of not being tilted completely towards one side, there is a freehanded gender bias, while evaluating interracial relationships.3) In the movie Something New, Kenya Mc Queen, a successful businesswoman draws flak from her family and friends when she begins dating Brian, a white man who is a landscaper. To an extent, I agree with the statement that if she had been a man and had been dating a white girl, the dynamics would have been reversed to a great extent.There is a particular scene in the movie where Kenyas brother has an argument with her when he learns that she went on a blind date, which march on heats up when he learns that her date was white. The significant pointer here is that her brother himself is portrayed as a Casanova, while he reprimands his elder sister for going on blind dates. On a confusable note, Kenyas parents,

Si chuan earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Si chuan earthquake - Essay Exampleion System, reveals that nearly of the local governments in China lacked the Decision Support System for daily management thus, even during hint situation, they did not have this crucial tool. (Liu & Ren, 2009).This try out supports my argument because it shows that there was no preparedness to handle need situations such as earthquake. Decision Support System is a crucial tool in handling management and emergency issues hence, it should not lack in local government because earthquake is prone in rural areas (Liu et al, 2006).An article on the China Earthquake Geospatial Research Portal suggests that it was possible to predict the magnitude, and in addition, former researcher, Geng Qingguo of Institute of Geophysics claims that he handed a confidential written cover more or less his prediction of the earthquake to the State Seismological Bureau (Pekevski & Mavrodiev, 2008).This article is essential in providing evidence because it reveals tha t the undeniable agencies were warned of the impending earthquake disaster, but they failed to take necessary actions. Thus, they in like manner failed to establish adequate preparedness to play down loss of lives and property destruction.Finally, a two year UNICEF report dated May 2010 also indicates that lots could have been done to create preparedness, for example, aligning emergency response initiatives or programs with upstream policy programs (UNICEF, 2010).This report reveals that there were no policies in place to deal with such emergencies, for instance, enhancing intervention in emergency situations gather up coordination of emergency programs with policy initiatives, which were lacking in this case.I will still need to get evidence on statistical data regarding the degree of loss of lives and connect it with poor preparedness. I will also need to get evidence on what the government authorities say about the predictions and their level of preparedness. These I will get from the Chinese government departments

Inventory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory Paper - Essay ExampleThe new-made context, nonetheless, opposes the form of influence that entails coercion. Instead, sound leading seek to build relationships with their followers. In fact, just like Blake with his TOMS idea for providing shoes to the children in Argentina, modern day leaders need to put the interest of their followers before theirs. They then forge a win-win situation for both parties. Despite all leadership not being equal, such successful leaders exude unique leadership styles that identify them and seek to lead by example, having developed their inner selves kickoff before instilling the same in their followers.This body process has been useful in appreciating my leadership style. I am democratic and would always seek to have the will of the volume prevail. Perhaps, this style is supported by the activitys acknowledgement of the need for selflessness for success as a leader. In most cases, I seek to lead by example, always doing what I would expec t my followers to do. This has made me to cause people to take up tasks they never imagined they would undertake. I am not coercive. This could be a failure on my part because as learnt from the activity, some coercion could help a leader realize the set objectives. However, maintenance should be taken to ensure that a balance between coercion and free will by followers is reached.By being democratic, I have had the undesirable will of the people carry the day. thither was this one day when I was charged with the finances for our sports cheering team that accompanied players to a tournament. I proposed that we share the allowances at the end of the tournament. The cheerers wanted it before and I did as they wished. By the time the games started, they had fatigued all the money and some were even hungry already. They failed to cheer our team well, perhaps the reason we were beaten. Thus, I do not support the postulate from this activity that a successful leader should be defined b y a specific style. Instead, a leader should

Power and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Power and Politics - Essay ExampleResearchers typify these arenas as a set of enactmentivities (Ferris, Frink, Bhawuk, et al., 1996 Mintzberg, 1985) in which few of the involved individuals are not known, and in which most of the rules are ambiguous. organizational politics and originator influence pits some individuals or employees of the organization against other similar entities or til now against the organization itself, causing harm to the individuals, organizations and the growth prospects. However, politics and power influence remain an integral infract of organizations, which the management somebodynel have long tried to reduce if not eliminate it from the company culture.The bodily structure of a mathematical group is important in determining how the team up will per sour. Each team constituent should contribute skills to enhance the teams overall performance. Individual work habits and leadership styles will determine if the team has the tycoon to join togethe r and complete their common goals. Teams create environments that bring out the best in each team member. A commitment to effectively communicating info and ideas is a characteristic of an effective team.That is wherefore the customs duty of coercion and politics to gain returns over team members can be really destructive to team dynamics. Coercion is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary is to force one to act or think in a certain manner, to dominate, restrain, or control by force. Often at work or in a group environment one might utilize this form of power to control dominance over the group. This usage of power can often make other team members conform. In a successful team conformity is not a useful tactic. The usage of politics and coercion to gain advantage over team members is a danger to the success of the project. once team members realize that their input is not wanted more than likely they will withdraw from the process altogether. The USA today states, offices dynamics often change from the usage of intimidation. (Bartol, 2008)For example a team must work together to process information for the desired results. Once a member takes advantage of a situation and use coercion to gain advantage it often leads to happening. An example of such disaster happened recently within our team. A couple classes ago we had a member that was an extremely dominant person. The person was very smart and well educated but had a problem understanding the syllabus. Everybody in the team would understand the group assignments one way but she would always play devil advocate on the simplest details. She would use coercion to gain advantage over the other team members when we would meet to complete group assignments. The entire team was guilty of just going with the flow, not wanting to cause any problem. She was so convincing we felt she had to be correct The result was a low grade, because the content was not correct. So the team from that moment on did not all ow that dominant personality use politics and power to manipulate the group any more.Information Power is define as power through information as Information power is the access to and/or the control of information. It is one of the most important

Women in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in - Essay ExampleIn 1932 Woolf wrote her own innovative tome The Pargiter An article based upon a essay dissertation interpreted to the public civilization for womens service. This dally was available by 1937. The treatise written at this juncture ponders on that Victorian phantom also identified as the seraph in the domicile (scrounged from Coventry Patmores couplet celebrating domestic bliss). Namely, this is an altruistic, forfeitable lady in the nineteenth era whose solitary principle in deportment was to pacify, to compliment, and to console the men of the planet. Virginia Woolf next wrote, Killing the Angel in the House, This book featured betrothed in a lethal clash for mutual and monetary parity. When her secretary requested Virginia Woolf disembark, she was enlightened that her culture was daunted with the service of women. She recommended that she might tell them something regarding her individual proficiency practices. It is factual she is a woman and also resp ectable that she is employed but what certified skills did she have? This was extremely hard to articulate. Her occupation is writing and with that aim of work there are smaller amount of jobs for women than in any supplementary profession. Many legendary women and legion(predicate) unfamiliar women had come before her however giving her opportunities that werent there before. Therefore, when she came to write, there were fewer impediments to her sexual climax than there might have been in past eras. Writing was a decent and risk-free career. The draw of a pen did not wreck the family serenity. No command was made upon the family incentive. One could purchase a paper costing ten and six pence that was sufficient to inscribe all the plays of Shakespeare. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, were not necessities by a writer. The shoddiness of inscribing a paper was obviously

The use of practical resources for supporting learning within Essay

The employ of practical resources for keep acquire within Mathematics - Essay ExampleIt could help those students that have excess needs, like those who have difficulties with the other resources (such as having a hard time in seeing the identity card due to eyesight problems). It could also help in the development of understanding number and mental numeration for as long as the correct type of resource has been used (Resources to Support T separatelying and development Mathematics, n.d.).To support develop and learning, the use of primary resources is very important. Recent studies show that the provision of resources helped kinaesthetic learners in making sure that they learn best through movement and role (Education Review Office natural Zealand, 2007). Thus, so much attention has been given to such studies who aim to look into the purposes of resources in supporting learning in various subjects such as mathematics. Aside from aiding the learning of students who learn bes t through manipulation and movement, resources also have different purpose. Firstly, resources provide a visual image. A visual image allows numeral concepts to be seen and understood clearly by students. As this paper focuses on primary school students, this is zippy in explaining to them the different concepts in mathematics together with the different mathematical operations. Secondly, resources could help in supporting a calculation. Using practical sources in supporting calculation could help learners follow the process of calculative something (Tanner and Jones, 2000). At the same time, it will guide them through every stage that you have been through, making it easier for him or her to perform the same calculation. This is also necessary in teaching primary school students as they ar just beginning to learn the different processes in performing the different mathematical operations. The teacher could keep back use of number lines in showing how calculations could be brok en down in different steps, and that each jump

Critical review; Quantitative studies Research Paper

Critical review Quantitative studies - Research opus ExampleThe basic idea behind this EBP is, healthcare organizations or healthcare practitioners including AHPs while carrying out their tasks go away pick the best possible evidences that are available, or even the best applicable reading obtainable, so that they can carry out their tasks in an effective manner, and also take competent decisions. evidence based practice is an approach to decision making, during which medical practitioners uses the best evidences available, particularly in consultation with the patient, to take root upon the option or approach which suits that patient best. (Armstrong and Gray, 2009, pg. 20). This utilization of EBP among the AHPs is the subject of discussion in the article, The Adoption and murder of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) among Allied Health Professions written by Penney Upton, Laura Scurlock-Evans, Danielle Stephens and Dominic Upton. Thus, this article will be critically reviewed he re(predicate) focusing on the various aspects of article, including its purpose, its literature review, methodology, sampling process, data collection process, studys results last ending with clinical implications.The authors of the article Upton, Scurlock-Evans, Stephens and Upton lay out the purpose of the study at the outset itself, which is to esteem and characterise adoption of EBP within AHPs clinical practice. (Upton et al. 2012). They expand on the purpose of the study by basically defining EBP, and by explaining rough the target group of the study. According to the authors, EBP is an important and widely current practice in healthcare settings to ensure that health care professionals particularly AHP are provided information about the recent evidences and also the researches relating to their clinical practice. To study about EBP adoption among AHPs, the authors focused on AHPs working in NHS Scotland. The authors particularly focused on the newly qualified AHPs,

Personality profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Personality profile - Essay ExamplePersonality and especially that of a personal profile is a very wide. Wide because it touches all the relations to social, economic and political phenomenon that defines everybodys way of conduct. For the purpose of this case, I will particularly center my personality focus on my vo vomit upion at the present and in the future and shade some light on who I am. A number of tests are also very instrument in the whole evaluation process and I dont hesitate into taking any that ensures complete understanding of myself-importance is done in a very competed and efficient way.There are a number of tests that are used in self discovery. As the methods differ according to the angle of approach of what you want to figure out, I decided to exit a test a Big five test. This test mostly centralizes its analysis on 5 major areas that define and model a complete human. As per the test, my emotional stability score was graduate(prenominal) above average at 74% p ercentile. My ability to remain as calm as viable even when am tensed is something my family can attest of. This has been my feature since when I started understanding things around me. I will not go on tearing books because I have scored low in a physical science class or go throwing things around because s show things have not been as I wanted them to be at home. I hold and have control of my emotions. This has been very submissive in my relationships with people whom have had a chance to be close to me. This though does not imply that you go on stepping on my foot intentionally and unapologetically. In that case I will forthrightly handle you as the law demands.My inquisitiveness nature, which scored a 84% percentile, amazes me personally. Severally I have hear my mother say that she has never seen an inquisitive child like. When it comes to curiosity, I do not bother whether it kills the cat or not. I will ask anything as long as I have no clue of what actually it is. For cla rity, my enquiries have

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

outside(a) Business Strategy - Essay ExampleUnder the stages approach, learning occurs first within the domestic food merchandise and then the business seeks opportunities in culturally-similar foodstuffs before ultimately expanding into a foreign merchandise and developing the tolerate market entry strategy for this new foreign environment.Virgin Group, founded by Richard Branson, is an excellent font of a conglomerate that has utilised incremental foreign market entry strategies. The Virgin group first gained market experience in the United Kingdom, then selected entry into the United States, a location with similar socialisation to find market success utilising knowledge gleaned through UK business practices. Today, Virgin Group has built immense marketing prowess and human capital advantages that allow the company to align strategy with foreign market characteristics. Common practices and metric within a variety of subsidiaries was gained through knowledge management an d knowledge take out that could, in the long-run, be applied to new and innovative business practices aligned with foreign culture and market characteristics.The Uppsala model is a rather common sense business model that strongly reinforces the necessity for knowledge management. Learning occurs through social, technological, organisational and marketing-based conceptions that build competencies, performance, and determine the appropriate market entry strategy required to border foreign market demands in the pursuit of becoming a global corporation. Wal-Mart is a relevant example lending support to the Uppsala model, as this business determines a variety of unique market entry strategies, including adjunction ventures and acquisitions, in order to build knowledge about foreign culture preferences before ultimately find out an appropriate strategic policy aligned with foreign market characteristics. For instance, in Canada, consumers are socially

W6 OM Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

W6 OM Discussion - Essay ExampleSeveral modern day project managers accessory themselves with six core concepts and processes of project anxiety. These atomic number 18 initiating, planning and design, executing, monitoring and ascendenceling, closing, and project controlling and project control systems (Meredith and Shafer, 2014). These systematic processes are in place to ensure that from the beginning to the end of a project, there are critical considerations for the roles that each stakeholder can play as a way of ensuring that the project becomes integrated and easily coordinated to accomplish its desired goals.There are a number of projects across the globe that are perfect examples of the utilization of the core concepts of project management and how successfully these turned out to be. The HM revenue and Customs (HMRCs) Enterprise Release (ER) project is a perfect example of how project management was employed as a means of implementing IT services in a manner that was described to be in accordance with critical timescales and having very minimal disruptions to the business and public service (The Stationery Office, 2012). regular though there were ch completelyenges along the project, using the five major processes namely initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, and closing ensured that all of such challenges were overcome in due time.The Stationery Office (2012). Managing successful change IT service variation at HMRC. Accessed 17th April, 2014 from

Analysis of the Rivalry between Video Games(Playstation, Wii and Xbox) Essay

Analysis of the Rivalry between Video Games(Playstation, Wii and Xbox) - Essay ExamplePreviously, Sega was a prominent player in the assiduity, however, in current times, the three leaders in the industry namely, Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft, gestate always been neck-to-neck against each other. Throughout the cover of time, Atari began the industry with its 4-bit poles and then, Nintendos rivalry with Sega spanned throughout the 1980s and until the marrow of 1990s. Then, Sony launched its Playstation and it took the industry by surprise. Since then Sega stopped its game race while Microsoft entered the market with its Xbox 360. The inclination of the motion-picture show game companies in the last century circled around the basic factors of competition such as the bite over technology, better diversity of gaming experience and a connection with consumers imagination. However, since the last decade, companies have switched their charge to a changing scenario and diverse consume r preferences. Focus has been on wireless and network-enabling features, along with better graphics. The companies claim their products value-proposition to be a complete entertainment package and not just a gaming console.The video game industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. With early analogue game inventions in the mid(prenominal) 1900s, the video gaming industry has picked up on pace by the end of 1990s. Since then, the industry has never looked back. Various multinational companies and massive customer bases have developed this business into a multi-billion dollar industry. Buyers are literate and in all ages - predominantly preteens, teens and young adults. The game players age has increase to 33 and 25% of buyers are over age 50 (Izushi and Aoyama, 2006). Game console is the largest segment in the industry, but online, mobile, PC software and broadband are some of the fastest growing segments. In the onetime(prenominal) decade, the video gaming indu stry has been growing sharply and is expected continue to grow in the future. The offset rate of global video games has been very healthy especially since 2000 the market size increased from 24,352 billion in 2000 to 51,292 million in 2010 (Competition in the Video Game Console persistence Nintendo, Sony, And Microsoft Battle For Supremacy, 2009). The industry comprises of numerous game developers, however, the top companies are only a handful, while others are niche players. agree to a research mentioned in the article Competition in the Video Game Console Industry Nintendo, Sony, And Microsoft Battle For Supremacy, there are only 3 major players Sony, Xbox and Nintendo. Broadly speaking, research instal 6 leading video game consoles appeal to generate large-volume sales of new units in 2007 namely, Microsofts Xbox 360 Sony PlayStation 3 and hand-held PSP and Nintendos Wii, Game Boy Advance, and DS/DS Lite. The major markets for these companies for business is the US and Asia market. The report discusses the business rivalry persistent in the video game industry worldwide. Through the course of this report, the reader can find brief cases of each major game developer and the nature of rivalries

Deontologay and the dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deontologay and the dream act - Essay Examplertant to foremost of all note that these young multitude bring in spent most of their lives in the clownish and bewilder charge undergone the American system of education and have graduated from our high schools. I think that everyone deserves a chance to go to college regardless of where they are born. Under pervious laws, such young people would recoup their citizen status through their parents. But what happens when their parents are also undocumented? This further begs the question should these young people be allowed to stay in the kingdom or be deported?I think it would be wrong to deport them since they were brought into the country being underage and they do not have any other country of residence. They were brought by their parents who entered the country amerciablely. However, these children have spent a most of their life in the county and have even graduated from our high schools and sending them away at this time wou ld be unethical.This act addresses the issue of how they would go about to attain their legal status. The act has several advantages as granting citizenship to these young men and women go out set in to the militarys recruitment efforts. Once these young people complete college, they will pay taxes and this will have economic benefits for the country as revenue collections will increase significantly. The act also makes the country more competitive on the global map as it will make the country have the highest number of college graduates in the world. The immigration department will then focus its attention on illegal immigrants who pose a threat to the countrys security. Due to the above reasons, these young people should be allowed to stay in the country provided they meet the requirements of the act.There should be a set age limit point regarding their status. It should be noted that only those who entered the country under the age of 16 qualify to be considered to be granted a legal status. Those who entered the country above the age of 16

The past in a streetcar named desire Essay Example for Free

The prehistoric in a streetcar named desire EssayThe Role of the Past in a Streetcar Named Desire French writer Andri Maurois once said A man can non complete himself from the historical more easily than he can from his own body. This quote exemplifies unrivaled of the pennyral themes in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire. The yesteryear is something t palpebra characters ar locked within chaining them to secret misdeeds and shameful actions ultimately leading them to the interrogative sentence of reality versus illusion, revealing their weaknessess and leading some of them towards their downfall. Williams presents to the audience the first issues of dealing with the past by one of the protagonists, Blanche.Born and raised in the Southern aristocracy, she cannot free herself from her rich past. She first arrives at the Kowalskys aparment daintily robed in white in a white suit with a fluffy bodice, necklaces and ear-rings of pearl, white gloves and hat (pg 117 ) conveying the thinker of a summer classic, completely contrasting with the jungle-like atmosphere of decay prevalent in the French Quarter. The author focuses on Blanches introduction as a dramatic technique in revise to emphasize the idea of someone who is drawn to the past, by simply describing her wardrobe.Her white clothing portray her comparable to a moth, drawn by the electric arc, instead of repelled by it as the audience will soon notice. Her pearls constitute the sadness she suffers from loss of love and failure. Despite all this, she maintains her rich-girl posture to remain linked to her past in Belle Reve. The plantation in which she and Stella grew up in was lost as their fathers, uncles, and brothers spent all their money drinking, gambling and womanizing. She is haunted by the deaths of her ancestors, which she attri entirelyes to their epic fornications. The sins of the fathers are visited upon their children is a good example of Blanches hysterical outburst in page 126, where she says, in an emotionally loaded phrase, I fought and bled. Tennessee Williams makes it clear that one cannot escape genetic inheritance because at the end, it all comes back. Another aspect of Blanche is also introduced to the audience in Scene 1, adding to her characterization alcoholism. Blanche suffers from mania tremens as she is drinking from Stanleys whisky bottle in page 120. She effortless(prenominal) tries to convince herself that ones her limit but instead just goes on drinking.Alcohol offers her a temporary amnesia, and a facial expression of reassurance but instead, her actions generate quite convulsive as she is talking to Stella and shaking all over and panting for breath as she tries to laugh. A state of drunken stupor enables her to take a flight of imagination, such as concocting a getaway with Shep Huntleigh. Her actions, however, do not go unnoticed by Stellas husband, Stanley, as he remarks liquor goes steady in this hot weather (pg 129). Equally, bathing has the same effect on Blanche, as the action is a motif for cleansing, as in baptism, where one is introduced to a new path, a new light.In light of her efforts to forget and shed her illicit past in the new community of newly Orleans, these baths represent her efforts to correct herself of her odious history. Stanley also turns to water to undo a misdeed when he shower downs later on beating Stella. The shower serves to soothe his violent temper afterward, he leaves the bathroom feeling remorseful and calls out longingly for his married woman (pg 153). Blanches long baths can be seen in almost all Scenes followed by her comments of being freshly bathed and scented, and feeling like a brand-new human being (Pg 135).However, as Blanche finds herself in constant struggle against her past, Stella has no trouble forgetting it and marrying Stanley. Although she does feel sympathy for the loss of Belle Reve and weeps as Blanche accuses her of indifference (pg 127), she has thoroughly moved on and make confort in Stanleys arms and has chosen to be a part of his life story, even adapting to his likes, such as that of cultivation a book of coloured comics. She no longer has a desire to live the aristocratic life as the plantation is an illusion of the past. By contrast, this scenery has been destroyed, giving space to a urbanized, modernized New Orleans setting.Stella can be seen as a catalyst to Stanley and Blanche as she is driven towards comercialism and has ignored to economic consumption of a fallen woman. She has married to Stanley Kowalsky, who has an intense, brutish masculinity, and takes pride in his versed appetite. Stanley, in a way, denies his grow by responding to Blanche as she calls him a Polack, But what I am is a one hundred per cent American, born and raised in the greatest country on earth and proud as sin of it, so dont ever call me a Polack. (Pg 197) Following Stanley, Mitch is introduced. He acts as a foil to Stanley, as he is clumsy, slow thinking, shy, and insecure.The jokes present at the beginning of scene 33 (pg 144) are a latitude to Mitch, implying that he has spent so much time taking care of his ill mother that he has completely lost his sexual appetite. He has lived with his mother for his entire life, and cannot get away from the comfort zone. The still way to get away is by getting married to Blanche, which at first seems like a good idea for she does everything to look as feminine as possible, trying to conceal her past. For herself, Blanche sees uniting to Mitch as her sum of escaping destitution. Mens exploitation of Blanches sexuality has left her with a poor reputation.This reputation makes Blanche an unattractive marriage prospect, but, because she is destitute, marriage is her that possibility for survival. Her will to impress Mitch is addressed by Williams through the interaction between them, where he speaks ungrammatically short and contemptuous lines, while B lanche evidently speaks with an enormous and overused vocabulary, which is artificially calculated and constructed by her in order for her achieve her aims. This is especially true in this scene, since Blanche resorts once more to the educated speech of a schoolteacher in order to take control of an aggressive situation (pg 150-51).The question of which characters represents light and slanted is debatable, but it seems that both have an aspect of softness and harshness, whichever the audience decides to sympathize with. Even though Mitch and Blanches characters are complete opposites, there is one correlation between them. Blanches love letters from her husband as head as Mitchs cigarette case with love inscriptions with Blanches favorite sonnet by Mrs Browning (pg 149) show both of them holding onto their past. The silver metal case symbolizes Mitchs closed nature, inflexibility, as well as how he is not open for new ideas.Blanches love letters, on the other hand, symbolizes he r young husband, who committed suicide as a result from her disapproval of his homosexuality. The love letters are taken as sacred objects, having a more than a sentimental value. In Scene 2, when Stanley is looking for Belle Reves papers, Blanche cannot contain herself from making a scandal after he touches the love letters instead, Your Stanley hands insult them, Ill burn them now (Pg 139) The antagonistic consanguinity between Blanche and Stanley is a struggle between appearances and reality propelling the plays plot and creating an overarching tension.The author also conveys the idea of hiding from the past with the motif of light. Blanche tries to maintain the illusion of youth because she is afraid that she will become less attractive as she ages. She hides from all light, and when Mitch finally realises this (I dont think I ever seen you in the light pg 203), he shines a light on her, representing the death of her illusions, the possibility of getting married again. In gen eral, light also symbolizes the reality of Blanches past.In Scene 6, she says the young boy turned a blinding light on something that had always been half in shadow. Bright light, therefore, represents Blanches youthful sexual innocence, while poor light represents her sexual maturity and disillusionment. She is haunted by the ghosts of what she has lost-her first love, her purpose in life, her dignity, and the genteel society of her ancestors. Blanche covers the exposed light bulb in the Kowalski apartment with a Chinese paper lantern, and she refuses to go on dates with Mitch during the daytime or to well-lit locations.He points out her avoidance of light in Scene Nine, when he anticipates her with the stories Stanley has told him of her past. Mitch then forces Blanche to stand under the select light as she responds by saying that she doesnt want realism. I want Magic Yes, yes, magic I dont tell the truth. I tell what ought to be truth This passage in page 204, clearly describ es her unfitness to accept her present status both socially and relationship wise. Blanches inability to tolerate light means that her grasp on reality is also nearing its end.Other dramatic devices used to portray the interference of the past in the characters lives are the sound effects. The Varsouviana, a song originally from Polands Warsaw, is used to dramatise the influence of the past on the present. It plays whenever Blanche remembers her past in Belle Reve and especially her husband Alan, who she always refers to as a boy, emphasising her feeling that they were similarly young to be married. When the music first appears, in scene one, it is because Stanley asks Blanche if she was married.This immediately shows the audience that the Varsouviana is related to Blanches past and will be a recurring motif throught the text. The polka and the moment it evokes represent Blanches loss of innocence. The suicide of the young husband Blanche loved dearly was the event that triggered h er mental decline. Since then, Blanche hears the Varsouviana followed by a revolver speculation whenever she panics and loses her grip on reality. The music plays in Blanches brain continuously as a recording that solo the audience is likely to hear.In conclusion, the past is therefore recurring as all the characters have something hid, incapacibilitating them from perform some actions. It is unveilled as the play progresses proving once more, than one cannot free itself from it, but instead have to confront it, eventually leading some of them (Blanche) to their human desingtegration. Tennesse Williams A Streetcar Named Desire conveys the idea of the importance of birth and adds to the question of does your background affect what kind of actions you will persue in the future? Show preview only

The Weakness of Modern Day Society Is Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

The Weakness of Modern Day confederation Is Critical Thinking EssayModern day society has order strong restraints on censorious thinking development in many beas including the educational world and work force. To begin the discussion on vituperative thinking and the resolutions, we must first figure out why it is such a seek afterwards attribute. Does this skill set always make the best and hardest worker? Is it something a company or college needs to recruit for? It is non necessarily the case that a highly educated person leave behind carry this skill set into the business world. A student may perform unbelievable on an ACT or SAT test but it is important to be careful and consider what this implies. These tests are based off of memorized information. There are several reasons for the overall different take aims of precise thinking skills in employees in the business and education sector and it is related to standardized tests, courses taken and personality of studen ts. Before in time diving into large amounts of data and research papers, there is a common belief that education direct and critical thinking bring a direct correlation.Before reading many resources, I believed this to be nonfictional myself. However, there is a growing concern with the way students are taught and the effects it will have with critical thinking skill development. Starting as early as high school, students are put through a rigorous outline of information in what are called Standards of Learning (SOLs). These standards can be both good and bad for students. They are taught the necessities that it outlines but are limited in the other facets of education. larning is not just done with a chalkboard and group work and projects are limited by these SOLs.Teachers are limited in what they can teach because they have to stick to these SOLs and time is of essence to meet the rigorous requirements. Fast forward to the end of the academic year and students judgement of the data required for the SOLs will directly correlate to higher grade bloom averages. According to a study performed by Borg and Stranahan, there is little to no correlation to GPA pull ahead and critical thinking skills. Now if you continue this trend, the higher GPA students will go on to colleges of their choosing and ultimately into the work force.I believe this is a root cause for the lack or delay of critical skill development later on. Many people choose the majors in college that are about appealing or will allow them to find superior employment afterwards. However, there is evidence regarding critical thinking abilities and course work taken. Borg and Stranahan found a correlation amidst a basic stinting course at a university and a higher level in critical thinking gained after the course. I think that there is much to be said regarding this information. The course work had a contend of group work and electronic discussion group projects.This supports my idea that there is a drastic proceeds in critical thinking skills with group work starting in a secondary worldly concern school. The levels of critical thinking could reach a higher threshold if it is implemented at an earlier age. And once again continuing this trend, it could greatly increases the abilities of the entry level worker. When we look at a student in an undergraduate degree, some sound stereotypes we can place on them is they are young and full of energy and high-flown of where they are attending college.I am guilty of the same infractions. Other than that we have no safe bets because we are all different and come from different places and lifestyles. One thing that concerns me about the entry level workforce is the way the personalities have developed. There seems to be a large portion that have not developed cognitive skills and are just full of useless trivial information. This could potentially lead to fighting at work and at home. Lacking of the group work and projec ts can increase the gap between information and viewpoints.This failure occurs because of their inability to separate facts from opinions, examine an issue from different perspectives, make rational inferences, deny personal biases, question information given to them, go beyond surface meaning to discover the secret meaning, etc. (Nazmi Al-Shalabi, page 41). The business sector could be shaken if we cannot mainstream some more ways to teach critical thinking to students. I do not believe my findings are an accurate description of the correct workforce.There are plenty of highly educated individuals that are highly capable of being set in critical thinking situations and excel. However, I do believe the numbers will continue to skewed and support my opinions if we continue down this path. There are many ways to implement and increase critical thinking skills, but the first step is for us to recognize that there is truly an issue. If we cannot make venial changes to the educati on system, increase course requirements with group work projects, and alter the strong personalities of entry level workers, we could be in trouble my friends.

Crunchie Bones Essay Example for Free

Crunchie hit the keeps EssayThe aim of this experiment is to test whether or not a Crunchie bar could be use as a drop replacement. If this were possible the crunchie would energise to be strong enough to support the patients conduct style. The Crunchie bar will be used to replace a leg bone. After the experiment I will calculate the ultimate breaking emphasis of the Crunchie and thence compare this to the ultimate breaking song of a leg bone. I will calculate the tense by exploitation the formulationThe mechanism is going to be set up as followsI will tighten both of the G-clamps by 90 at the same time, then I will read off the impression on the dial of the scales. I will read the dial from directly above otherwise parallax whitethorn occur. I am using three crunchies at the same time, as this will be more(prenominal) reliable. To solve the measurements accurate I will calibrate the scales after the crunchies and wooden boards have been put on to it. I will ensure that the G-clamps are placed in the middle of the blocks so that the pressure off these blocks is airing over all of the disallow, and not just on one side. The safety aspect of this experiment is that the G-clamps may fall off and cause an accident.ResultsDegree turns ( )Force in Newtons (N)9058.8180147.0270264.6360431.2450617.4540833.06301038.87201185.88101176.09001127.09901097.610801097.611701097.612601097.613501097.614401097.6I have, as accurately as possible, measured the surface area of one crunchie, the measurements were 140mm x 25mm= 3500mmTo use the stress formula the surface area privations to be in m , to get this I will3500 x 1000000= 0.0035mAs I have used three crunchie bars I will need to times the above range by 30.0035 x 3= 0.0105mUsing the above results dishearten I have constructed a graph. As it and the results table shows the crunchie bars held up against a great force, then went the force reached 1190.0N, the crunchie bars crumbled. This meant the up ward force from the crunchie bars went and the force dropped down to1097.6N this force go on when the G-clamps were conductd to be turned.CalculationsBy doing the following calculations I will determine the ultimate breaking stress of the crunchie bars for one leg. assay ( ) = force (f)Area (A)Stress ( ) = 1190.0 N0.0105 mStress ( ) = 113333.3 Pa= 11 x 10 PaDue to inaccuracies of the scales I am going to calculate the upper limit and minimum values of the force and then calculate the breaking stress due to these differences.Maximum force = 1200 NMinimum force = 1180 NMaximum Stress = 1200 N0.0105m= 114285.7 Pa (1dp)= 1.14 x 10 PaMinimum Stress = 1180 N0.0105m= 112380.9 Pa (1dp)= 1.12 x 10 PaI have accounted for the inaccuracies of the scales and of the turning of the G-clamps by drawing error boxes on the graph. The size of the error boxes is 20N x 36 . bring forward calculations will determine whether or not the crunchie bar would be a competent replacement for a leg bone.Average mas s of human = 60kgWeight = mass x gravity= 60 x 9.8= 588 NArea of crunchie bar = 0.0105m Area for two legs 0.0105 x 2= 0.021mStress = FA = 600N= 600N 0.021m0.0105m = 28571.4 (1dp)= 2.8 x 10 PaStress = 57142.9 Pa (1dp) (1 leg)= 5.7 x 10 PaBy using question eight from the section supererogatory Part Surgery in the Salters Horners Advanced Physics book I can see that the crunchie bar would not be able to be used as a bone replacement. This is because the value given in the book for stress on the leg bone when someone standing still is 10 Pa and so is bigger than the 2.8 x 10 Pa, so the crunchie would shatter when under this stress.When investigating further and by using question nine from the section Spare Part Surgery in the Salters Horners Advanced Physics book I found that there is a bigger value for stress when the person moves or in the case of question nine, jumps off a wall. The below calculations show that the crunchie bar would be unable to with stand the stress of the patien t moving heyday of wall = 1.5mTime taken = 0.1sGravity = 9.8ms = 9.8NkgMass = 70kga = vt= 5.420.1= 54.2 msF= ma= 70kg x 54.2ms= 3.80 x 10 NCalculations for crunchie barsArea of both legs = 60 x 10 m Area of crunchies = 0.0105mCalculations for bone Man lands on two legs = 0.0105 x 2Stress = F = 0.021mAStress = F= 3.80 x 10 N A60 x 10 m = 3.80 x 10 N= 6.3 x 10 Pa 0.021m= 18095238.1 Pa= 1.8 x 10 PaThese calculations show that the crunchie bar could not with stand the stress when the patient moved. This is shown in the calculations because the value of stress on the crunchie bars when put in this situation is greater than that of the leg bones. Therefore the crunchie bars would break.Overall this experiment has shown that a crunchie bar could not be used as a suitable bone replacement as it would not be able to with stand the ultimate breaking stress of a person if they were standing still or if the person was moving.If I had more time to continue this experiment I would make a piece of apparatus, like a protractor, that enabled me to measure the degree turns that I made when turning the G-clamps making my measurements more accurate. Using the apparatus I could also make more turns such as 45 turns as well as 90 turns.

Republic Day (India) Essay Example for Free

democracy day (India) EssayParades, dispersal of sweets in checks and cultural dances In India, Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force regenerate the Government of India play 1935 as the governing document of India on 26 January 1950.1 The date of 26 January was chosen to recognise the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three domainal holi sidereal days in India. While the principal(prenominal) demo takes place in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India (currently Pranab Mukherjee, the anniversary is also observe with varying degrees of formality in nominate capitals and other pennyres. India strived independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noned for largely peaceful nonviolent rampart and civil disobe spendnce ledcitation needed by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian emancipation A ct 1947 (10 11 Geo 6 c. 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new autonomous Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations) India and Pakistan.2 India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a original monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The agricultural, though, did not yet have a unceasing paper instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While Indias Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.A draft constitution was prep ard by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, mete out over a periodof 2 course of i nstructions, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After umteen deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the nation. CelebrationsSee also Delhi Republic Day paradeThe main celebration is held in the capital New Delhi. Celebrations are also held in state capitals, where the Governor of the state unfurls the national flag. If the Governor of the state is unwell, or is unavailable for some reason, the Chief Minister of the state assumes the honour of unfurling the National Flag of India. On this day 26 January Indian flag is hoist by the Presidents of India and by and by that national anthem is sung by the all groups in the standing postion. India Will Celebrate Its Republic Day With Pride And A Faint Hope For The Mighty Lokpal Dr.Bikkar Singh LalliOn January 26, The Republic of India, instaur ations largest liberal democracy, rich in ethnic diversity, with over 1.3 billion profound deal speaking hundreds of languages, will be celebrating its secular birth. Perhaps there is no better day than Jan. 26 to reflect on the open words of the Indian Constitution, the document that enshrines the foundation of the worlds largest democracy begins with We the People of India Hopefully, on that day of joyous celebrations, caste, creed or religion for people of India, will not matter at all. It was January 26 of 1950 when the constitution of India came into force and India attained a sovereign status. The Preamble of the constitution seeks to establish what Mahatma Gandhi described as The India of my dream .woman will enjoy the same rights as man. India will celebrate its 63rd Republic Day on Jan.26. Its supercharged economy has been the envy of the world. The dreams of Mahatma have fitting tribute to the people of a nation who, from all corners of the planet, are fuelling the s pectacular growth of their homeland. During 2010-2011 alone India received $58 billion from Indian Diaspora.The people of India, whether they live in India or elsewhere, are the engine of India. For 2012 however, the sparing forecast appears to be a tour gloomy mostly due to the turmoil in the orbicular economy, especially in the Euro-zone Problems in the global economy and thepolitical sciences inability to control corruption at home, will affect the governments revenue-raising capacity in 2012. In fact, the Central excise collection fell by 6.5 per cent in November. That shortfall will affect the investment on infrastructure like proper roads, world-beater supply and railways that gives better opportunities to the poor to earn much. Thousands of villages remain with little or no power supply. Significantly, shopping mall sector industries (power, steel, coal, petroleum refining, electricity, cement, natural gas and oil) grew extremely slowly at 0.1 per cent in October 2011.T he backwardness in the EU is also affecting Indian exports which grew only by 4.2 per cent in November 2011. Inflation, which is sloshed to double digit again, will hit the poor hard unless food prices are brought down drastically. This economic melt-down will affect the poor most. Over 800 million Indians are living below the poverty line, and this year about 22 million more will be added to that number with the 2.8 per cent growth in population. For people in dire straight, republic day or for that matter any historical resultant has no real significance. Anna Hazares campaign against corruption is laudable. But, is it possible to cleanse the polluted polity and mixture the greedy mindset with the passage of a Lokpal Bill? You cannot legislate social swap. The democracy, the super-watchdog which should deliver all-round accountability, has sour extremely weak and wasteful in India. Election to five States has been proclaimed.To curb irregularities, to fight corruption, the commission has announced steps to reduce the role of black money in elections The politicians accepting funds, for fighting an election, know that a quid pro quo (pay-back) is involved. There are also wealthy fighting elections using their own unaccounted funds. They pay off the party leadership to get nominations. For the elimination of corruption and other maladies afflicting Indian polity, what matters most is the virtuous and social climate of a country. If this climate is healthy, dry and dirty bushes would not come about. The soil would gestate greener pastures which would throw up upright and serious people who in turn would choose upright and earnest leaders. One would reinforce the virtues of the other. And the nation would move from clean to cleaner public life, from strength and stability to great strength and stability.Ein truth party in power has played havoc with watchdog institutions so as to control them for its narrow ends. Democracy ought to have ensured accou ntability of institutions. Votesshould have weeded out corrupt but the verso has been happening the honest rarely win elections. There is a need for political movements that can change the national consciousness a task being addressed by movement against corruption and for a Lokepal Unfortunately, no one in our national leadership is applying his or her mind to bring about this change. As log as an elected official is not answerable to the electorate in his/her constituency, corruption cannot be eradicated. In his address to the nation the Dr. Manmohan Singh, a man of impeccable integrity and vision, will give a very hopeful message to the nation, regarding the health of the nations economy. He has already announced his decision to depart qualified foreign investors (QFIs) to directly invest in the Indian equity market.In his address at the 99th Annual Session of the Indian wisdom Congress in Bhubaneswar (Orissa) on Jan.3, he express that As we head into the Twelfth Plan, there are some objectives we must try to achieve in the Science and Technology sector. First, we must ensure a major increase in investment in RD, including by industry and strategic sectors. Second, we must ensure the creation of a new innovation ecosystem. Third, we must achieve greater alignment of the Science and Technology sector with the inclusive development needs of our nation. Fourth, we must protract basic science infrastructure. Fifth, we must encourage greater research collaboration among universities and national laboratories. In consecrate to compete with China, India has to do much more that what PM is aiming at. India has been seriously lagging behind in pedagogy. By 2012, it aims to educate as many as seven crore learners out of which six crore will be women.With more than 400 universities and over 20,000 colleges, the student enrolment in India has crossed 12.9 million in 2007 2008. Millions of sisterren go to school every day. But for 10 million street boorren th ere, 50,000 in the streets of Delhi alone, there is no schooling and no home. They are either rag pickers or engaged in other hazardous jobs, and for them the word secular democracy is hopelessly meaningless and redundant. It is estimated that there are 80-100 million children out of schools and are trapped in endless cycle of exploitation. Moreover, India has the dubious distinction of having the largest number of child take shapeers in the world. They need protection, loving homes and good education. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, on Jan.10, described child malnutrition as national shame and said health, educationand sanitation sectors must collaborate to shape national response to the problem.These sectors can no longer work in isolation. Health professionals cannot solely concentrate on curative care. Drinking water providers cannot be inattentive to the externality of their actions. School teachers need to be aware of the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, he said after r eleasing a new research by Hyderabad-based Naandi Foundation on the status child malnutrition in India. According to that research 59 per cent kids are stunted and 42 percent are underweight. Solving malnutrition is in Indias self-interest with a huge economic return on investment. It is estimated that malnutrition cost the economy $29 billion per year in India. as of reduced productivity and earning and increased health costs. Today, more than one third of the worlds undernourished children reside in India.A country where 79 per cent of the milk samples tested (Jan. 10, 2012, Delhi fared worst), were found to be either contaminated or diluted, cannot foresee their toddlers to be in excellent health. Even with the most modern technology and access to medical facilities in most parts of the country, over four lakh newborn babies still die within 24 hours of their life in India, and 2 million children die before they turn the age of five. Most of these children die because of diarrh ea, pneumonia, measles and post-natal complications. According to Indias third National Family Health Survey of 2005-06, 70 per cent of children surrounded by six months and 59 months are anemic. Every day 1379 unborn babies are being killed. This is happening in a land where 33 crore gods and goddesses are being worshipped.As a fast emerging world power under the stewardship of a pragmatic academic and realistic visionary, India has started playing a very shaping role on the world stage. However, it has to tackle some very serious problems like extreme poverty, child labour, chronic corruption, infanticide, dowry murders, unacceptable inequality and fast growing population. These problems cannot be tackled without a collective descend by Indian leadership. Let us congratulate the people of India on that momentous day. Let us all recall the quote from Tagore Where the mind is without fear and the head held high. Where knowledge is free and the world has not been broken up into fr agments by narrow domestic walls. let my country awake.

Latin America Essay Example for Free

Latin America analyse1. Within pose America, geographers recognize the contrast (ethnical, economic, and historical) between the isthmus and the Caribbean islands. Describe the diagnostic characteristics of the Mainland and Rimland regions of middle America. Middle America intromits approximately 7,000 Caribbean islands with hot, humid, and tropical climates and is an isthmus (land bridge) between the north and S tabuh America. The four larger islands argon c totallyed the Greater Antilles and the smaller islands argon the Lesser Antilles (Archipelago). almosttimes middle and South America is referred to as Latin America. The receivedm is physically and politically fragmented. It began with the lowland Mayans and the luxuriouslyland Aztecs until the cultures collided. The Aztecs real irrigation systems and were great pioneers of agricultural sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and tobacco. When the Spanish first arrived in Middle America they joined forces with the Amerindi ans and attacked the Aztecs. This attack affected Middle America badly. The Spanish brought diseases with them, such as measles, smallpox, mumps, and numerous more causing their population to decline drastically.They also experienced things equal changes in religion and deforestation, as well as other significant long lasting effects. Middle America is culturally diverse. The euro-Amerindian mainland is composed of Amerindians, mestizos (Indian and European), and Europeans. The euro-African Caribbean Rimland is compiled with Hispanics, blacks, mulattos (African), British, Dutch, and French. Some geographers may moot that the environment of Middle America is among the humankinds most hazardous environments and natural hazards such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes.The characteristics for the mainland and Rimland are very specific. The mainland is highly detached while the Rimland is highly accessible. The mainland climate is considered altitudinal zonation and the Rimlan d is tropical. The Rimland consists of islands, but mountains are found on the mainland. Mestizo is the backwash of the mainland and mulatto is of the Rimland. The landholding platform of the mainland is haciendas prevailed, whereas on the Rimland a plantation economy (an export crop for sugar cane and bananas). The hacienda provided twelvemonth round jobs, domestic markets, diversified crops, and was self-sufficient.The plantation economy provided single cash crop, production for export, seasonal employment, and banana republics. These are all diagnostic characteristics of the Mainland and Rimland regions of Middle America. 2. What are the pros and cons of tourism in the Caribbean Islands? Tourism by rendering is the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among phaetons, tourism suppliers, host government, host communities and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors. The Caribbean is the most densely dwell region of Middle America. Although agriculture was an important part of the regions economic expansion, today tourism, industrialization, and banking are the major sources of development. An economic con of tourism in the Caribbean is that the islands are becoming more and more low-level of tourism. Most of their monies collected from tourism will up to nowtually go to a foreign investor that involves tourism, such as a hotel owner, transportation companies, etc. , because the economy is based on exports, offshore banking, and manufacturing.Foreigners are large consumers of opulence goods on the Caribbean islands. Locals may find that as a con, because beaches and such are being destroyed to blade room for tourist structures such as shopping centers and/or hotels. Therefore, causing a great select in wages of a management worker compared to a minimum basic worker. Due to tourists spending of seafood, water, electricity, and supplies this could cause a pric e increase for the local anaesthetics and/or shortage of these things as well. On a cordial stand point, a con would be the criminal sector of tourism.Drugs, sex trafficking, and prostitution are all unregulated criminal acts that take place while touring. Locals may also feel invaded by the high amount of tourist that explore their communities, making them angry or resentful of the tourist. More cons of tourism include free spending, no chances for local entrepreneurs, bad manners, rich mingling with the poor, and debase of local culture to tourist culture. A few pros to consider of tourism are, the more tourist structures they may build are the likely opportunities to create more service and management related jobs for the locals.This also allows them to earn foreign exchange. On a social stand point, Caribbean culture may be more appreciated and understood once a foreigner visits the islands. Typically foreigners like to explore and take excursions on the mainland once arrivin g on the islands, therefore this gives local citizens reason to keep their island and historical sites renovated and maintained, whereas they may have not, had they not had visitors tour those sites often. Cultural events/festivals are developed because a large number of foreigners participate.More pros of tourism include creating more service jobs, promotion of urban development, becoming major dollar revenue, and it promotes handicraft business. Tourism in general is complex, and perhaps many would argue that tourism is a good thing, I would say that it is on the verge of being a bad thing for the Caribbean islands. In my opinion, for the locals, the cons heavily outweigh the pros on an economic and social level. 3. In the Amazonia, brazil nut what is being forecast as a pending environmental and cultural disaster. How is this occurring and what would be the consequence? brazil-nut tree is on the rise to an economic and cultural decline and is no longer considered the country of t he future. brazil-nut tree is the fifth part largest country and Portuguese is the language spoken there. Its culture is very diverse and consists of Native Americans, Portuguese, and Africans. In 2010, Brazil had a 7. 5% country economy growth, but dropped drastically to only 2. 7% this bypast year. For the past ten years Brazil had seemed to be on a roll as an agricultural tycoon when in the Atlantic Ocean, they discovered massive oil reserves.Brazils diplomacy became more aggressive, and they even paid off all debts to the International Monetary Fund. With their government changes and economic success they had helped millions of citizens come out of poverty. The saying what goes up, must come down has became true for the economy of Brazil. With the countries improvements, they are now facing real world realities such as illegal immigration because of people coming into their country wanting jobs. Some critics argue that Brazil is lucky to have China waiting in the wings, hung ry for its commodities and natural resources. In the Amazonia, Brazil had 6-9 million indigenous people before 1500 today they have less than 200,000 remaining. With environmental and cultural decline, come many consequences. Culturally, Brazil has the worlds largest Catholic population, but since the recent census, that is also in decline. Economically, the trim back flow of money into the country and the demanded exports of Brazil weakened which is very logical and doesnt wishing much explanation. If their exports are no longer in demand, then the obvious consequence is a reduced inflow of consumer monies.This in my opinion would be the biggest hit for Brazil and the leading consequence of their disaster. I personally could not find many scholarly articles discussing Brazils decline economically or culturally. Surprisingly, I found more articles talking about the rise and growth of the two. It is also my opinion that in score to fix these problems, tourism is a key factor for Brazil right now. I know in lecture we discussed within the Amazon the importance of rubber, gold, oil, and deforestation to Brazil, and I am certain all of those things would be affected, but I couldnt find many articles with facts to back that up.With that being said, I think many countries all have and/or will experience waves of decline. Most every country experiences these disasters it is what makes the world go round.

Policy Suggestions for Reopening Dual Language Essay Example for Free

Policy Suggestions for Reopening Dual run-in EssayThis empirical query go out be presented to the Ministry of Education in Taiwan for the purpose of sensvass the possibility of reopening Chinese and face triplex expression kindergarten schools. In 2004, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan had veto the operation and establishment of multilingual and position kindergarten schools. position could only be integrated in songs, plays, and activities provided it could non be taught in the Chinese and side of meat bilingual format and use as a intermediate of instruction. Kindergarten schools ar non in both case allowed to hire any distant t distributivelyers. All kindergarten instructors essential be a natural born Chinese citizen. In the same year, the spokesman of the Ministry of Education cited three reasons for implementing this preparational form _or_ system of organization. First, they finger that at the preschool stage children should master their pri mary lyric. Second, they ar so concern with the quality of tenet as they found come out of the closet that roughly foreign disciplineers who worked as English teachers in kindergarten schools do not aim sufficient know guidege on archaean puerility breeding.These teachers are only hired because they are endemic English singers. Third, although Taiwanese scholars officially begin growing English on the third grade, they do not lag behind their counterpart in other Asian countries. However, t present is not enough enquiry to prove the positive effect of banning the soprano terminology kindergarten. The research cited by the Ministry of Education to stay their policy is discussed in the review of literature.Review of Related LiteratureResearch Supporting the Policy The research used by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan as a basis in supporting its policy was conducted in 2001 by Dr. Chuang Shiang Chuan and Dr. Chaing Jen Ru. These professionals were invited to conduct a study on the possibility of integrating English in the kindergarten curriculum and hiring foreign teachers to teach in the kindergarten level. In this research, Dr. Chuang Shiang Chuan pointed out that spoken communication encyclopaedism for children requires the use of deuce the expressive and thinking abilities. If the medium of instruction is strictly in English al wiz, the content of communication amid the teacher and the students would be very limited. She also indicated that preschool children fail to accurately pronounce and comprehend a foreign language in comparison to the adult learners.Furthermore, she also stated that acquirement a foreign language could interfere in the learning of the mother tongue. In terms of hiring foreign teachers, Cheung (2001) felt up that foreigners who are functional as kindergarten English teachers do not save the required skills and knowledge on early childhood bringing up. Their knowledge is only limited to the teaching of the En glish language. In addition, hiring of foreign teachers would result in the falling off of job opportunities for students who have completed their training degrees from the teacher preparation institutions.However, the findings of Dr. Cheung may not be fair game and conflict of interest is evident as a result of her employment in one of the early childhood teacher preparation institutions. likewise, in the policy statement published by the Ministry of Education to the ordinary on October 10, 2004, it was stated that the research was based on the neuroscience, linguistics and English development findings which indicated that learning English at an early age does not guarantee that children will learn wear out.The Ministry of Education also argued that teenagers learn a foreign language more in effect(p)ly than preschool children due to their more mature cognitive development. It is also stated that imposing the No Chinese kindergarten education would result in communicatio n difficulty, emotional disturbance, conflict of values and problems in culture indivi triplexity which could affect the development of Chinese language learning. Furthermore, the language barrier would limit the breath and dept of childrens learning. Lu Chen (2003) who are researchers in Taiwan also back up the previous findings and argued that it is inappropriate for preschool children to learn a foreign language and culture at an early age. They believed that mainland China would be the strongest country in terms of stinting stability and the Chinese language would be the beside universal language.Hence, parents should not be anxious to have their children learn English at a tender age. They further stated that at that place is no critical period in learning a mho language so it is not necessary to start learning at preschool age. The researchers also believed that having a honorable command of the native language is the foundation for learning a second language. The abs ence of an American or British accent is not an important matter to consider in learning the English language. Therefore, it is unnecessary to study English at an early age to avoid speaking with a foreign accent. Besides the 2 researchers and one government statement above, the book My Child Cant Speak Chinese (Cheung, 2004) is also frequently cited by people who are against use English as the only medium of instruction in the kindergarten education. In this book, Cheung depicted her daughter who tends to combine the English and Chinese syntaxes when speaking Chinese by and by attending an English only kindergarten school.In the book, the arguments to ban the English only teaching in kindergarten school is actualizeable considering that children in Taiwan speak Chinese at class and kindergarten is the first education that they have sired outside their homes. The use of English as the only medium of instruction in their first school may give the children the wrong impression that English is the formal school language. They may also think that their Chinese language is less important. These thoughts could possibly lead to the confusion of culture identity and negatively affect the learning of the Chinese language. As an international student who had examine in mingled classes with native English instructors and have worked as the sole foreign teacher in an American school, I understand the anxiety that a child may feel in an English only surroundings based on my personal experience. Armed with a first hand experience in obtaining an education in an English only school under instructors who are native speakers of the English language and with an experience of being a foreign teacher in an international school, I can strongly understand and clearly see the point in the policy made in not allowing the operation of the English only kindergarten schools.However, in as much as I could empathized with the policy makers, I also felt the inadequacy of the stu dy that was conducted before arriving at a recommendation to close and prohibit the existence of soprano language kindergarten schools. There are umteen three-fold language kindergartens in the United States and I have taught in an English-Chinese dual lingual public school in New York, P.S. 184M, Shuang Wen School. This is the first dual lingual and bicultural public childlike school in the east coast. Children at Shuang Wen have fixture English classes as other public school students and start learning Chinese from the kindergarten level and sustain studying until the sixth grade. In the Shuang Wens website, there is a report cited that almost snow% of their students exceeded the required grade level standards of the New York State examination for Math and English. With Shuang Wens success, one could only ponder as to why American students are allowed to enroll in an English and Chinese bilingual computer program since kindergarten while the Taiwanese students in Taiwan h ave to be deprived of this opportunity. I went through literature reviews by searching and reviewing dual language related literatures on databases of ERIC, ProQuest, Education mount Text, Digital Dissertations taken from the teachers College as well as the TC Catalog (EDUCAT). The summary of my findings are indite below.Research on Dual Lingual Education The dual lingual education literature reviewed is presented here in the following sections bilingual education has no harm, the benefits of bilingual education, the stovepipe bilingual education-dual language program, and the trustworthy situation of dual language programs. bilingualist Education Has No Harm Contrary to the findings of the researchers in Taiwan, Norbert (2005), Schambach (2006), Garcia (2006), and Pearson (2007) claimed that bilingual education has no harm to children at all. All the mis sentimentions were bias. For instance, Cheungs (2003) worry concerning her daughters feature usage of English and Chinese is actually unnecessary. The combined usage of language was part of a learning process that children want to experiment in order to determine which of these two languages the listeners strongest language is. This method would also enable the children to communicate effectively with their listener (Garcia, 2007). Moreover, the capability of switching between two languages could increase childrens cognitive flexibility ( flight attendant, 2004).In terms of the concerns about the lost of identity and tick in the development of the childrens first language, it was discovered that bilingual children do not have any identity issues because in the bilingual education, childrens culture are respected and recognized (Farmer, 1998 Schambach, 2006). Some children may develop two identities since they are educated in using two languages and two cultures but this helps children to be more adaptable to the global world and prepare them divulge to be global citizens.Moreover, Schambach pointed ou t an moral of an identity issue whereby an immigrant child, who emigrated from one country to another, felt totally lost when not being accept in the new country and treated as a foreigner upon return to the country of contrast for a short visit. This situation can happen to Taiwanese children if the government is not open to the education that the parents expect for their children in Taiwan.About 77% of parents in Taiwan hope that the government would allow the desegregation of English in the kindergarten curriculum (Wu Cheng, 2002). The main reason for the in-migration to the United States of Taiwanese families is to provide better education for their children. If Taiwanese government fails to meet parents expectations, there is a strong possibility that Taiwanese family immigration would lead to a problem on the identity issue for the following generation.The Benefits of bilingual Education afterward clarifying that bilingual education clears no harm to children, many res earchers pointed out that bilingual education can enhance the development of childrens cognitive and social skills (Chan, 2003 Garcia, 2007 Norbert, 2005 Steward, 2004 Thomas, 2003). Chan (2003) compared 31 bilingual preschoolers and 29 monolingual preschoolers exercise on 3 cognitive tasks and 4 theory-of-mind tasks. The results showed that the advantage of the bilingual learners in the theory-of-mind development hinges mostly in their cognitive development e.g., inhibitory control, reasoning and metalinguistic awareness. Garcia (2007) quoted the research of Peal and Lamberts work with cut and English bilinguals and English monolinguals and extracted that the intellectual experience of acquiring two languages contributed advantageously to mental flexibility, superior concept formation and a generally diversified set of mental abilities.She also cited Padillas reasoning that bilinguals are cognitively advanced because they are able to process information provided in one language and unwrap allied information in another language. Padilla used Keats and Keats report of a study as an role model which German-English bilinguals, who did not demonstrate the ability to follow weight in a Piagetian task, were trained to conserve in one of the two languages. Results from English and German post tests indicated that the concept was acquired in both languages. This redes the workable increase in the flexibility of bilinguals during conceptual acquisition. Steward (2004) cited the finding of Willig who pointed out that students in the bilingual programs scored any the same or higher on the achievement tests in both languages in comparison with children in monolingual education.Steward also agreed with Cummings, Hakuta and Golds opinion that the bilingual program has increased childrens cognitive flexibility. Thomas (2003) further stated that the cognitive stimulus from the bilingual program led to enhanced creativity and analytical thinking. He also presented the result taken from Houston in 2002 that native English speakers, who had been in the two way dual-language programs for four years, scored between 63rd and 70th percentiles in total reading pull ahead in the Stanford 9 whereas the scores of students in the monolingual English program hovered around the 50th percentile.This is a remarkable finding that could be used to infer that if Taiwanese children, who are native Chinese speakers, are educated in a bilingual program since preschool their intellectual capability might surpass students in a Chinese only program after four years. After reading all the benefits that bilingual education can bring to students, I continued to research for the definition of bilingual education and its best practice.The Best Bilingual Education Dual Language Education Barrera (2004) defines bilingual education as using two languages to learn. Schambach (2006) said a bilingual person means he can use two languages freely in any given situation. In terms o f the best practice for bilingual education, Garcia (2007) pointed out that in teaching two languages, it would be best to separate them instead of combining them together. For example, at home each parent should speak a different language to the child and at school, different teachers should speak different languages.Children tend to learn the language in order to communicate. Norbert (2005) further strengthened the importance of separating two languages when teaching. Scofield (2007) specifically talked about the importance of a relaxed environment that is enriched with comprehensible language as well as the usage of gestures, mime, and real objects to illustrate speech and to provide input.He also suggested singing songs and rhymes and having group activities to create a conducive environment for the learners. In terms of time allocation for teaching each language, Steward (2004) cited Willigs research result which showed that students in the alternate immersion program, wherein the day is divided into two halves each entirely in one language, have the best performance in the tests of both languages. This kind of program is also called dual language program.Current Situation of Dual Language Education According to Barrera (2004), there are more than 270 dual language programs in the U.S. and the interest in these programs keeps growing as firm as the waiting lists. In Barreras research, she concluded that the most successful dual language program resulted when students learn one language in the morning and another one in the afternoon. There moldiness also be a move non-repetitive lesson in the morning. In the succeeding morning, students mustiness proceed to the next lesson in the other language.The important characteristics of a grave dual language program as suggested by Barrera includes a minimum of six years instruction a focus on the core academic curriculum high quality language arts instruction in both languages integration of the languages into the instructional thematic units separations of the two languages for instruction with no translation and no repeated lessons in the other language use of each language in 50 percent of the instructional time an addictive e.g. adding a new language at no cost to students first language bilingual environment that has the estimable support of school administrators, teachers and parents and an active parent-school partnerships. However, regardless of all the benefits of dual lingual education as shown in the research, some politicians in California still think that English should be the one and only prevail language in United States. Hence, they brought up Proposition 227 to replace the bilingual and dual lingual education to total immersion method to help immigrant children learn English as fast as possible. Nevertheless, many researchers discovered that bilingual education has helped children learn English faster than the total immersion method (Krashen, 2005 Manyak, 2006 Monzo, 2 005 Olson, 2007). Bilingual education has likewise helped students build more positive self identity by providing a supply learning environment (Monzo).Recommendation After learning from the studies conducted by some researchers, the Taiwanese government must reexamine their educational policy that resulted in the total ban of bilingual kindergarten education in Taiwan. I recommend that the Taiwanese government conduct an empirical study on the possible effects of dual language kindergarten education in Taiwan and recruit volunteer participants to determine if the Chinese and English bilingual kindergarten education should be reopened as an educational option for Taiwanese children. I would also like to suggest a research design which includes the preparation of the curriculum, teachers preparation, students selections and students evaluation.Curriculum Prior to conducting a research, the Education Ministry of Taiwan must initially design a Chinese and English dual lingual curricul um for kindergarten pupils. The easiest and most efficient way is to translate the current kindergarten curriculum into English. In this method, the traditional Taiwanese values are incomplete changed nor altered and the English language was only used as a medium of instruction. This consistent and continuing curriculum, which is part of the current dual language program, has been proven to be the most beneficial way for students learning.Teacher Preparation Secondly, the government must prepare all the teachers who will be involved in teaching the dual language program. The selection of teachers who would teach the Chinese curriculum is not as difficult as selecting teachers who could teach the English curriculum. For the Chinese curriculum, experienced teachers can be selected among a roster of kindergarten teachers. Since the current lawfulness forbids the hiring of non-Taiwanese citizens, it would not be easy to immediately hire English instructors. There may be few Taiwanese people who could teach using the English fluently, have a solid background in early childhood education and fully understand the Taiwanese culture.Since learning the language while retentiveness the Taiwanese cultural background are two major purposes of the dual language program, I would suggest to the Ministry of Education in Taiwan to hire Taiwanese Americans or Taiwanese people who have studied abroad for a long enough period of time and have attained a good level of English fluency. The qualification to become a kindergarten teacher in Taiwan should not be based on the nationality but on the teachers English capability and understanding of Taiwanese culture.With regards to having a solid knowledge on the background of kindergarten education, I believe that teachers can be prompt within few months of extensive workshops as I became a primary teacher at an laurels winning independent primary school in Connecticut after a week of intense training and continuing professional de velopment throughout the school year. In my job, I performed well as a foreign teacher. Through experience, I personally felt that it is possible to prepare any teacher for the background knowledge. Further research on this issue could be conducted to be assured that only the most qualified teachers are selected for the program.Students Selection and Follow-Up Plan Participating pupils should be voluntary and the opportunity to be a participant should be well broadcasted to all the parents who have children who are about to be enrolled in kindergarten schools. Students should be chosen from families of a mixed social economic status to represent the common student population in public kindergarten schools. Plans must be undertaken for students who are currently attending kindergarten so a continuing dual lingual dim-witted education can be achieved until the fifth grade as suggested by Garcia. Garcia discovered that the positive effects of dual language education will be manifested after 6 years of continuous education.The greatest challenge here is that all dual lingual elementary schools in Taiwan are private schools and therefore the tuition fees are not affordable by every family. For this problem, the government could either give vouchers or subsidize the tuition fees of the children who have attended the dual lingual kindergarten so they could study in private dual lingual elementary schools. In addition, the government can also put an effort to open a public dual language elementary school in each grade level to accommodate the education needs of these students.Data depth psychology Students cognitive development and academic performance will be assessed through standardized testing and manifestation from teachers and parents. Data analysis will focus on the findings to determine if advance cognitive development and better academic performance were achieved by students who were given the dual language program in comparison with the dual language stude nts performance in the United States and Canada as studied by Barrera (2004) and Chan (2004). To avoid overstressing students, the test will be carefully designed and will be taken semi-annually. Likewise, students progress will be save for six years.Conclusions Education is the best investment for the future of a country. With the influx of globalization and stiff economic and business competition, it is time for people of Taiwan to be armed with an education that could be comparable not only to their neighboring Asian countries but also to the western countries as well. The progress of the country passing depends on its young citizens and the best way for the young citizens to be competitive is by providing them with an educational beast that will enable them to communicate with other people across the globe. English has been considered as the universal language in many parts of the world.There are no negative effects in learning a foreign language as shown in many research stu dies. Hence, it is time for the government of Taiwan, specifically the Ministry of Education, to study their policies and reconsider the option of reopening bilingual kindergarten schools in Taiwan. If the government intends to be the educational leader in Asia, it is time to open their doors to accept the teaching of English in preschool level.ReferencesBarrera, R., et. al. (2004). Profiles in culture. Scholastic Early childishness Today, 19(3), 46-48.Chan, K. T. (2004). Chinese English bilinguals theory-of-mind development. University of Toronto, Toronto.Cheung, S. C. C., Jen Ru (2002). The possibility of having english education and hiring foreign teachers in kindergartens in Taiwan. Ministry of Education, Taiwan. (T. Ministry of Education o. Document Number)Chuan, C. S. (2003). My child cant speak Chinese. Taipei New Parents.Farmer, M. (1998). Creating Montessori bilingual programs. Montessori Life, 10(2), 22-25.Garcia, E. E. (2007). Bilingual development and the education of b ilingual children during early childhood. American journal of Education, 95(1), 96-121.Krashen, S. (2005). Skyrocketing scores An urban legend. educational Leadership, 62(4), 37-39.Lu, H.-J. C., Tai-an. (2003). An evaluation on early childhood english education in taiwan-from the perspective of language policy. Transworld give of Technology, Taiwan.Manyak, P. C. (2006). Fostering biliteracy in a monolingual milieu Reflections on two counter-hegemonic English immersion classes. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 6(3), 241-266.Ministry of Education, Taiwan (2004). Educational policy of preschool English education.Monzo, L. D. (2005). Latino parents choice for bilingual education in an urban California school language politics in the aftermath of suggestion 227. Bilingual Research Journal, 29(2), 365-386.Norbert, F. (2005). Research findings on early first language attrition implication for the discussion on critical periods in language acquisition. Language Learning, 55(3), 491-53 1.Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal. Available from the author.Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3).Schambach, J. (2006). Childhood bilingualism problems and possibilities. Kansas.Schofield, A. (2007). An investigation into the practices of a class of field-based student educators working in lingually diverse early childhood centres. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 32(2), 23-27.Stewart, M. R. (2004). Phonological awareness and bilingual preschoolers should we teach it and, if so, how? Early Childhood Education Journal 32(1), 31-37.Thomas, W. P. C., V. P. (2003). The multiple benefits of dual language dual-language programs educate both English learners and native English speakers without incurring extra costs. Educational Leadership, 61(2), 61-64.Torrez, N. M. (2001). Incoherent English immersion and California proposition 227. The Urban Review, 33(3), 207-20.Wu, S. F. C., Jen Ru. (2002 ). Examine preschool English education from the perspective of critical study period. Human Education Journal, 158.

Negotiation in Management Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Negotiation in Management Decision Making EssayHaving been improvemented by The Director of the Cowley Council Council ( 300) regarding an industrial junk with their defy collectors, a report has been prep bed to give insight into the field of talks and facilitate the council in their talks with the dissent collectors. The dispute is primarily concerned with three hundreds plans to change effecting(a) practices but there are also a number of otherwise(a) issues regarding pay, shift patterns and recent cuts in the training budget and expenses.The dissent collectors are threatening to go on strike if their demands are non met, an action that the council would undoubtedly like to avoid. According to Rubin and Br testify (1975), negotiation refers to a process in which individuals work together to formulate agreements regarding an issue or issues in dispute. An agreement will only occur if the offers do are accepted by both of the parties (Neale Northcraft 1991) and should lead to order and stability, foster social harmony, increase feelings of self-efficacy, subjugate the probability of future conflict, and stimulate economic prosperity (Rubin et al 1994).Getting the negotiation game properly is ever all important(predicate) for managers as the global economy expands, as the service sector grows, as embodied restructuring continues and as employees continue to be concerned with managing their own careers (Neale and Bazerman 1992 3). The initial stages of the report will cover opening and research on the decision-analytic approach to negotiation and discuss its relevance and potential use for ccc regarding its dispute with the Cowley stand firm collectors.I will then identify potential biases and pitfalls that can act as barriers to in effect(p) negotiation that CCC should set about to avoid. Finally I will conclude and outline suggested proposals for CCC to ask with the aim of assisting and improving their negotiations with the refuse collectors. The decision-analytic approach to decision making is a to a greater extent pragmatic ersatz to the dominant psychological and economic perspectives, which contain a number of limitations.The individual-attribute literature fails to measure dispositions adequately, the situational literature does not consider the importance of the negotiators perceptions in interpreting situational characteristics (Neale and Bazerman 1991 20) and the game theory unrealistically assumes impeccably rational, supersmart people (Raiffa 1982, 2001). What differentiates the decision-analytic approach is its pore on how erring folks like you and me actually be pass water kinda than on how we would behave if we were smarter, thought harder, were more consistent, were all knowing (Raiffa, 1982 21).Previous psychological and economic approaches have focused on describing how people make decisions or prescribing how to improve decision making. However, very little interaction has occurred betwee n the descriptive and prescriptive camps (Neale and Bazerman 1991 20), and it is Raiffas (1982) avocation of an asymmetrical prescriptive/descriptive relationship that makes the decision-analytic approach stand out, creating a prescriptive involve to descriptively at a lower placestand how negotiators actually make decisions (Bazerman et al 2001). more scholars hold the view that the prescriptions gained from this model are more valuable than those offered by more traditional approaches (Lax and Sebenius 1986). Raiffas framework for approaching effective negotiations distinguishes three sets of information, a combination of which determines the structure of the negotiation game distributively parties option to a negotiated agreement, each parties set of chases, and the relative importance of each parties interests.To develop agreement, people need to get a good understanding of their own preferences and priorities, to communicate those to their counterpart, and to integrate inf ormation about others preferences and priorities into their own understanding of the problem at hand (De Dreu et al 2000). Before CCC put down into some(prenominal) negotiations with the refuse collectors, it is imperative to determine a Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), the measuring against which any proposed agreement should bemeasured (Fisher, and Ury 1981).Negotiations can be greatly improved by identifying a BATNA and carefully evaluating the negotiated agreement against that alternative (Ertel 1999). This helps negotiators fix a reservation point, a lower bound, which is crucial to reminder throughout the negotiation. Agreements that provide more value than the BATNA are preferred over impasse likewise any agreements that provide less than the BATNA should be rejected.A potential BATNA for CCC would be to look into other refuse collection companies opening up the possibility of privatisation. The privatisation of refuse collection is a serious considerat ion in many areas of the UK and a major debating point for the city council (Birmingham Mail 2013) in Birmingham. Waste Concern, a mystical refuse collection company, claims that 17% of council tax goes towards refuse collection and that privatisation would lead to a cheaper, more general collection service, and a more efficient recycling system (edieWaste 2010).If CCC values the current refuse collectors, despite the current dispute, and they are reluctant to consider such an ultimatum, they could consider a more strategical change by introducing the proposed changes incrementally, or by altering the amount of changes being made. It is crucial for negotiators to understand each partys key interests and how they align (Reardon 2005 28).Fisher and Ury (1981) emphasize the importance of the distinction between a parties position, and their interests, with a position being the stated requirement that a party demands from the other side, whist an interest is the underlying desire o f the negotiator and the motives for their position. It can however be difficult to understand ones interests and those of the other party. CCCs primary interests are increasing productivity and decreasing costs, whilst the refuse collectors interests are concerned with their pecuniary rewards.It is however important to try and understand all of the parties interests. The Personnel Director may be under pressure to cut costs in order to stick to a budget so her individualised interests may have more focus on performing her job in order to assert it. The interests of the refuse collectors also concern HR aspects such as, work life balance and training and development. These interests are motives behind the position of their threat of strike, and further scrutiny may offer CCC potential areas to focus on during negotiation.Focussing on deeper interests can provide a more reasonable bargaining syllabus and a originative and practical solution to a negotiation. Once the interests o f each party have been imparted, it is important for negotiators to try and value the relative importance of each partys interests. This then allows the parties to effectively trade-off less important issues to gain more important issues. If CCC can establish that, for example, the refuse collectors desire a better work life balance as well as sufficient pecuniary benefits, there may be potential for a medium ground to be reached offering a certain amount of each.The importance of interests a lot comes down to economic factors, thus job security is usual consideration. In this instance the job security of the refuse collectors is at risk as there is a chance of redundancies if they do not cooperate. This information provides the building blocks for thinking analytically about a negotiation (Bazerman and Moore 2009154) and prepares the parties for the two primary tasks of negotiation creating and claiming value (Lax and Sebenius 1986). It is crucial for negotiators to establish the reservation points of both parties.That is the worst accomplishable outcome they will accept before a negotiation is impasse. With both reservation points established, a positive bargaining zone is created, which allows negotiators to aim for a resolution that is barely acceptable to the other party (Bazerman and Moore 2009 156) by getting as close to their reservation point as possible. It is however, also vital for both parties to try and cooperate in creating value in the negotiation, as there is often opportunity to considerably lose ones temper the pie before cutting it into shares for each side to enjoy (Raiffa 2002 91).Lax and Sebenius (1986) stress that differences must be seen as opportunities, as opposed to barriers, that can be explored to find the most efficient solution rather than bonny satisficing (Simon 1956). According to Schmidt and Tannenbaum (1960) differences can help to increase the range and variety of alternatives suggested and even potentially enrich ones own goals, ideas, and methods. So CCC must capitalise on the differences in the party preferences (Pruitt 1983) by evaluating theposition of the refuse collectors, and looking into finer detail at the interests behind these positions, before attempting to develop novel alternatives through creative problem solving (Neale and Bazerman 1991 24). Negotiation then depends fundamentally on parties ability to trade issues against each other (Froman Cohen 1970) and place demands and formulate concessions to foster agreements that meet their own goals, while avoiding that the counterpart leaves the situation (De Dreu et al 2000). CCC could for example offer certain alternative benefits to the refuse collectors if the changes are implemented.Perhaps an investment in more efficient equipment and machinery would be appealing. There are certain tools that negotiators can use in order to help oneself their efforts in collecting information and subsequently increase the probability of crea ting value. It is certainly the case that deception is often used in negotiation (Schweitzer 1997) and can be an effective strategy for increasing ones own outcomes (OConnor and Carnevale 1997). However in this instance, both parties must also note that building trust and initiating a free flow of information is critical to finding and integrative agreement (Johns and Saks 2011)).In heated negotiations this is furthest easier s wait on than done, as neither side wants to give away too much information on their stance on particular issues. However, CCC is in the position to try and create a certain relationship in order to improve their informational position. The director could inform the refuse collectors of the councils pressures and financial limitations that are the hotheaded factor behind the need to change the working practices and make cuts. If no suitable solution is agree upon, then there may have to be redundancies, as the council cannot overspend.Another tactic could b e to strategically disclose some information. As behaviours in negotiation are often reciprocated (Lewicki and Litterer 1985), this may brisk the refuse collectors to open up and start revealing information which may facilitate the negotiation process. CCC must also ask a lot of questions to increase the chances of ascertaining critical information. According to Bazerman and Moore (2009 162) asking questions and audience actively are the keys to collecting important new information from the other side but it also important for negotiators to remember that information can be gained from what is not said, as well aswhat is said.An alternative to trading issues would be for CCC to arrange some kind of contingency contract to verify wear their plans to change working practices is fair or weather it is being rightly disputed by the refuse collectors. CCC could assess a weeks worth of collection rounds and together with the refuse collectors, formulate weekly targets in terms of time a nd productivity. A weeks trial on this type of contingency contract could easily establish weather CCCs planned changes are justifiable or not.There are a number of ways in which contingent contracts can benefit the outcomes to negotiations as outlined by Bazerman and Gillespie (1999). first off organising the implementation of a contingency contract can identify bluffs by insincere parties. This will aid CCC initially with regard to their uncertainties over issues such as the number of staff needed on each collection round, shift patterns and pay. Contingency contracts are also a useful tool in incentivising performance. It may provide more motivation for the refuse collectors to start working at or preceding(prenominal) the levels specified in the contract.